Module 1

Question 1

Disease:

Answer 1

altered function/physiology of a body organ or system

Question 2

Pathology:

Answer 2

study of disease

Question 3

Etiology:

Answer 3

study of causes/ sequence of events leading to changes/ abnormalities.

Question 4

Signs:

Answer 4

physical observations or measurements

Question 5

Symptoms:

Answer 5

what the patient says or feels (perceives)

Question 6

Prognosis:

Answer 6

prediction of the outcome

Question 7

Palliative treatment vs Therapeutic treatment

Answer 7

Palliative treatment: no cure, relieve and manage symptoms
Therapeutic treatment: relieve symptoms

Question 8

Inflammation:

Answer 8

the body’s response to injury/infection

Question 9

Inflammatory process 4 stages:

Answer 9

1. Histamine released; permeability & blood flow increased 2. neutrophil exudation 3. monocyte exudation 4. regeneration & repair

Question 10

Acute inflammation:

Answer 10

Local: redness, swelling, pain, heat
General: fever, leukocytosis

Question 11

Chronic inflammation:

Answer 11

prolonged inflammation resulting from a persistent causative agent

Question 12

Immunity:

Answer 12

the body’s ability to defend itself
causes: inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, infection, neoplasm, heredity, malnutrition, stress

Question 13

Non-specific immunity/ innate immunity

Answer 13

present at birth,

Question 14

Specific immunity/ acquired immunity

Answer 14

effective against a specific foreign agent, develops in response to contact with agent

Question 15

Antigen:

Answer 15

agent which triggers immune response

Question 16

Humoral immunity vs cell-mediated immunity

Answer 16

Humoral: antibodies- b lymphocytes
Cell-mediated: activated lymphocytes- T lymphocytes

Question 17

Artificial acquired immunity: active

Answer 17

1. receive a vaccine
2. form antibodies to counteract antigen
   Pro: long duration Con: takes time to act

Question 18

Artificial acquired immunity: passive

Answer 18

1. receive a vaccine as the antigen
   Pro: acts immediately Con: short lived

Question 19

Vaccine:

Answer 19

suspension of whole, or pieces of organisms used to induce immunity.

Question 20

Allergy:

Answer 20

an individuals immune response that is destructive and harmful rather than protective and helpful

Question 21

Anaphylaxis:

Answer 21

systemic release of histamine
-low blood pressure
-respiratory distress
-swollen airways
A life-threatening allergic reaction

Question 22

Name the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions:

Answer 22

1. Asthma, dermatitis, angiodema
2. Cytotoxic
3. Immune Complex
4. Cell-mediated/ delayed hypersensitvity

Question 23

Autoimmunity:

Answer 23

an intolerance to self: individuals develop antibodies to their own tissues or self-antigens
causes: inherited, drug reaction, virus reaction, environmental factors, idiopathic

Question 24

Immune deficiencies:

Answer 24

disorders which prevent your body from being able to fight infections and diseases the way it should be

Question 25

Congenital (Primary):

Answer 25

you are born with these disorders

Question 26

Acquired (Secondary):

Answer 26

your body is attacked by an outside source

Question 27

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 27

Retrovirus, transmitted via contaminated body fluids HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on the T-helper lymphocytes, replicates, kills cell, spreads.

Question 28

Benign:

Answer 28

non-cancerous, localized to a tissue or organ, slow growth usually not fatal

Question 29

Malignant:

Answer 29

cancer, rapidly divide and invade normal tissue, able to metastasize

Question 30

Hyperplasia:

Answer 30

of cells increases

Question 31

Hypertrophy:

Answer 31

size of cells increases

Question 32

Metaplasia:

Answer 32

replacement of one tissue type by another

Question 33

Neoplasia:

Answer 33

increased cell proliferation

Question 34

Metastasis:

Answer 34

spreads via blood or lymph

Question 35

Tissue of origin + suffix "oma"

Answer 35

Benign ex: osteoma (benign tumor in bone)

Question 36

Tissue of origin + suffix "carcinoma" (Epithelial origin)

Answer 36

Malignant ex: adenocarcinoma (malignant tumor in glandular tissue)

Question 36

Tissue of origin + suffix "sarcoma" (Bone, muscle, cartilage, or CT origin)

Answer 36

Malignant ex: osteosarcoma (malignant tumor in bone)

Question 36

Malignant neoplasms

Answer 36

-Melanoma -Lymphoma -Glioma (highly fatal)

Question 37

Malignant Neoplasia (CA) Etiology:

Answer 37

carcinogen found in tar.... benzopyrene

Question 38

Neoplasia treatment:

Answer 38

1. biopsy mass 2. determine: benign or malignant Benign- no treatment necessary, surgical excision Malignant- therapy based on an estimate of the destruction of the neoplasm (palliative and curative therapy)

Question 39

Palliative therapy vs curative therapy:

Answer 39

Palliative: attempt to control the effects of cancer (surgical, radiologic, chemotherapeutic), temporary halts progression, doesn't cure Curative: remove all the cancer, effective on minimal CA types

Question 40

Chemotherapy:

Answer 40

often done in conjunction with radiation SIDE EFFECTS success: certain leukemias and lymphomas

Question 41

Hormonal therapy:

Answer 41

may cause significant regression, may increase growth rate & predisposition for certain CA's, prolong life, not curative. treatment: administer hormones, remove hormone inducing organs

Question 42

What are limitations/drawbacks to surgical treatment of malignancies?

Answer 42

-harmful to patient -inoperable -impractical

Question 43

How do autosomal recessive diseases usually occur? Give three examples.

Answer 43

When heterozygotes mate. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, PKU

Question 44

Describe how the sex-linked inherited disease usually occurs and examples.

Answer 44

The defective allele is transmitted from mother to son on the X of the 23rd chromosome Ex: color blindness or hemophilia

Question 45

Chromosome abberations:

Answer 45

Down Syndrome-Trisomy 21: 3 copies of chromosome 21 Klinefelter Syndrome- Trisomy 23: males born XXY Turner Syndrome-Monosomy 23: females with single X

Question 46

46 human chromosomes:

Answer 46

23 pairs, 22 are autosomes 1 is a sex chromsome, X and Y Male: XY Female: XX

Question 47

Karyotype:

Answer 47

complete chromosomal composition

Question 48

Alleles:

Answer 48

two genes

Question 49

Dominant:

Answer 49

determines how the genetic trait will be expressed, doesn't matter what the other allele is in the pair

Question 50

Recessive

Answer 50

will result in an abnormal trait ONLY when both alleles are recessive

Question 51

Homozygous Dominant:

Answer 51

both the alleles are the same and dominant, the dominant trait is expressed

Question 52

Homozygous Recessive:

Answer 52

both alleles are the same and recessive, the recessive trait is expressed

Question 53

Heterozygous

Answer 53

a dominant allele and a recessive allele are paired, the dominant trait is expressed, the recessive allele is still caried.

Question 54

Congenital (birth) defects etiology:

Answer 54

structural of functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine development Ex: thalidomide baby, fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus

Question 55

Describe the WBC's found in inflammation. Which ones perform phagocytosis?

Answer 55

1. Neutrophils -perform phagocytosis; has greatest # of WBC's 2. Macrophages -perform phagocytosis; 3. Monocytes -perform phagocytosis 4. Eosinophils; numbers increase in allergic reaction 5. Basophils; contain histamine, involved in allergic reaction 6. Lymphocytes;

Question 56

Treatments for inflammation:

Answer 56

drugs, steroids, antihistamines, antimicrobials, rest & exercise, drainage of abscess.

Question 57

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity? Humoral immunity?

Answer 57

Cell-mediated: activated lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) Humoral: antibodies (B-lymphocytes)