module 1

Question 1

incidence - strengths

Answer 1

incidence is determined only by the disease risk in a population - clean measure of disease occurrence

incidence measure include events (N), population (D) and time (T)

Question 2

Incidence - weakness

Answer 2

incidence can be difficult to measure as you have observe events over time

Question 3

prevalence strengths

Answer 3

is easy to measure as you ‘stop time’ and count

Question 4

prevalence weakness

Answer 4

measures include only events (N) and population (D) - less information than incidence

is determined by the incidence, cure rate and death rate (dirty measure of disease occurrence)

Question 5

an epidemic

Answer 5

the occurrence of ‘disease’ is clearly in excess of normal

Question 6

pandemic

Answer 6

an epidemic occuring in many countries

Question 7

only one cg and many eg

Question 8

Ecological studies

Answer 8

POPULATIONS/MULTIPLE GROUPS OF PEOPLE into eg and cg

Question 9

Individual participation studies

Answer 9

allocate INDIVIDUALS to EG and CG & in triangle

Question 10

prevalance

Answer 10

can be measured BACKWARDS <—-

Question 11

RD

Answer 11

RD= EGO-CGO/CGO-EGO

Question 12

EGO=CGO

Answer 12

RD = 0

Question 13

EGO/CGO

Answer 13

RR

Question 14

rr and rd

Answer 14

beware of the large RR but small RD

Question 15

PECOT Triangle parts

Answer 15

Top: Is the SETTING well described

Mid: Is ELLIGABLE POPULATION as indentifiable, meaningful population?

Bot: Do the PARTICIPANTS represent the elligable population

Question 16

in cohort studies, the participants are allocated by

Answer 16

measurement

Question 17

cross sectional studies are allocated by

Answer 17

measurement to EG and CG

Question 18

ramboman: maintence problem

Answer 18

long term study

Question 19

Asking participants if they ___

Answer 19

subjective

Question 20

Asking participants yes/no

Answer 20

objective

Question 21

sub–>obj

Answer 21

make it anonymous

video of showing symptoms

Question 22

double blind RCT

Answer 22

if everyone is “blind” it is less important if the outcome is not measured objectively

Question 23

confounding: adjusting

Answer 23

sub-studies like this (2 seperate PECOT studies)

Question 24

If allocated randomly to EG & CG

Answer 24

adjustment usually necessary

Question 25

Measuring the truth

Answer 25

1. because in biology the study participants are moving targets 2. because we can never study everybody we can only study a sample of all the people we would like to include in a study

Question 26

2. even identically

Answer 26

even identically designed & implemented studies will never include identical participants with identical characterstics

Question 27

Goal of epidemiology

Answer 27

EGO CGO effects (rr and rd) in the whole population

Question 28

Goals of epidemiology 2

Answer 28

but we usually estimate disease occurrence (ego & cgo) & effects (rr & rd) in 1 or 2 samples from population

Question 29

95% confidence interval addition

Answer 29

assumes no non-random error in ramboman wider confidence interval = more uncertainty if 95% Cls for the RD (EGO-CGO) overlaps 0, no statistically significant difference if 95% Cls for the RR (EGO/CGO) overlaps with 1, there is probably no statistically significant difference between them

Question 30

RCT & COHORT

Answer 30

can be longitudinal studies, both arrow going down and across for time

Question 31

cross sectional

Answer 31

only prevalence so only one arrow going across

Question 32

rct

Answer 32

experimental study

Question 33

cohort and cross sectional

Answer 33

observational study

Question 34

systematic review

Answer 34

1. REVIEW the literature SYSTEMATICALLY to FIND all relevant studies (a lot of pecot) 2. assess the quality of studies and only KEEP the good ones (only few pecot) usually done for rcts because most rcts are small

Question 35

systematic review step 3

Answer 35

COMBINE results of good studies in a META ANALYSIS

Question 36

Strengths & Weaknesses of IP RCT

Answer 36

Question 37

Strengths & Weaknesses of IP cohort studies

Answer 37

Question 38

Strengths & Weaknesses of IP cross-sectional studies

Answer 38

Question 39

population health epidemiology:

Answer 39

build fence (prevent) on clifftop for people still healthy