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industrial economics > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the purpose of the Second National Commission on Labour?

A

To review and modernize labor laws in India, ensuring better working conditions and promoting industrial growth.

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2
Q

What key recommendation was made regarding the simplification of labor laws?

A

Merging and simplifying numerous labor laws into broader categories to make compliance easier.

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3
Q

What does the commission suggest about hiring policies?

A

Employers should have more flexibility in hiring and retrenching workers while ensuring fair compensation.

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4
Q

What social security benefits were recommended to be expanded?

A

Health insurance, pensions, and maternity benefits to cover all workers, including those in the unorganized sector.

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5
Q

Why is skill development important according to the commission?

A

To improve workers’ employability and productivity in different industries.

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6
Q

What protection should be provided for contract workers?

A

Better job security, fair wages, and similar benefits as permanent employees.

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7
Q

What right should workers have to ensure a fair labor market?

A

The right to form unions and negotiate wages and working conditions with employers.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Stricter enforcement of safety regulations, fair working hours, and better _______ mechanisms were recommended.

A

grievance redressal

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9
Q

What is the overall aim of the commission’s recommendations?

A

To balance workers’ rights with industrial growth through fairer labor policies.

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10
Q

What are some challenges faced by child labor in India?

A

Poverty, discrimination, low wages, and poor working conditions for women.

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11
Q

What measure involves enforcing laws against child labor?

A

Strict implementation of child labor laws.

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12
Q

What is a critical step to prevent children from entering the labor force?

A

Providing free and compulsory education.

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13
Q

How can economic support to poor families reduce child labor?

A

Stable jobs for parents decrease the likelihood of sending children to work.

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14
Q

What should be provided to older children to improve their future employment opportunities?

A

Skill development and vocational training.

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15
Q

What should public campaigns focus on regarding child labor?

A

Creating awareness about child rights.

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16
Q

What are some measures to improve female labor conditions?

A

Equal pay for equal work, better working conditions, maternity benefits, and encouraging women’s education.

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17
Q

What role do trade unions play?

A

Protecting workers’ rights, improving working conditions, and securing fair wages.

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18
Q

What was the first organized trade union formed in India?

A

The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC).

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Trade unions negotiate for better _______ and benefits.

A

wages

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20
Q

What has contributed to the decline of trade union membership in traditional sectors?

A

Automation, contract-based jobs, and informal employment.

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21
Q

What is a challenge faced by trade unions in the informal sector?

A

Limited presence and inability to provide benefits like job security.

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22
Q

What are some problems faced by trade unions in India?

A

Multiple unions in the same workplace, political influence, low membership, financial weakness, and changing work environments.

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23
Q

What do trade unions do to support workers legally?

A

Provide legal support and assistance in disputes with employers.

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24
Q

How do trade unions promote unity among workers?

A

By bringing workers together to negotiate better terms.

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25
What has been a recent challenge for trade unions due to economic changes?
The shift towards flexible labor policies with globalization.
26
What is a key role of trade unions in negotiating job security?
Preventing unfair dismissals and layoffs.
27
Fill in the blank: Trade unions encourage _______ development among workers.
skill
28
What is the impact of political influence on trade unions?
It can shift their focus from workers' issues to political agendas.
29
What is the current status of trade unions in India regarding membership?
Declining membership in traditional sectors but growth in new sectors.
30
What should trade unions do to adapt to modern work environments?
Adopt digital platforms and focus on new labor issues.
31
What is the primary role of trade unions?
Ensuring fair wages, job security, and safe working conditions for employees.
32
How do trade unions promote worker safety?
By advocating for reasonable working hours, conducting regular inspections, and awareness programs.
33
What type of programs do trade unions provide for skill development?
Training and skill development programs to improve qualifications and job opportunities.
34
What legal support do trade unions offer to workers?
Legal assistance and representation in cases of wrongful termination or workplace disputes.
35
How do trade unions promote unity among workers?
By bringing workers together to strengthen their voice in negotiations.
36
What are the major causes of industrial disputes?
* Low wages and unequal pay * Poor working conditions * Job insecurity and unfair dismissals * Lack of proper communication * Excessive workload and exploitation * Discrimination and unfair treatment * Delays in wage payments and benefits
37
What is the main goal of collective bargaining?
To improve wages, benefits, job security, and overall working conditions.
38
What are the key features of collective bargaining?
* Negotiation between employers and workers * Mutual agreement and cooperation * Legal and structured process * Prevention and resolution of disputes * Continuous process * Strengthens worker representation
39
What factors contribute to successful collective bargaining?
* Strong and organized trade unions * Willingness to negotiate from both sides * Clear and realistic demands * Good communication and trust * Legal awareness and proper documentation * Fair and neutral mediation if needed * Commitment to implement agreements
40
What are the objectives of workers' participation in management in India?
* Increase productivity for economic growth * Improve worker-management relations * Give workers a sense of ownership * Reduce industrial disputes * Encourage responsibility and accountability * Promote mutual trust and understanding * Strengthen industrial democracy
41
What does workers' participation in management (WPM) aim to achieve?
Involvement of employees in decision-making processes at different levels within an organization.
42
What is a key aspect of workers' participation in management?
Bridging the gap between workers and management to create a cooperative work environment.
43
At what levels can workers participate in management?
* Shop level * Departmental level * Top-level
44
What does collective bargaining contribute to?
Economic stability by ensuring fair wages and reducing income inequality.
45
What is the focus of collective bargaining?
Industrial peace and harmony between workers and employers.
46
What is the definition of labour welfare?
Services, benefits, and facilities provided to workers to improve their working conditions, health, and social well-being.
47
What principle ensures that labour welfare is available to all workers?
Universal welfare coverage.
48
What should welfare facilities be in addition to?
Fair wages.
49
What is Universal Welfare Coverage?
Labour welfare should be available to all workers, ensuring a fair and just working environment. ## Footnote Universal welfare coverage helps in reducing social inequalities and promoting a balanced workforce.
50
What does Welfare Beyond Wages imply?
Welfare facilities should be in addition to salaries, ensuring financial security and additional support for workers. ## Footnote Benefits like housing, healthcare, and education improve the overall well-being of workers and their families.
51
Why should Labour welfare be seen as an Employer’s Social Responsibility?
Labour welfare should be viewed as a social obligation rather than just a legal requirement, leading to higher productivity and loyalty. ## Footnote Companies that prioritize worker welfare build a more motivated workforce.
52
What is the significance of Worker Participation in Welfare Programs?
Employees should be involved in planning and implementing welfare schemes to ensure effectiveness and meet actual needs. ## Footnote Participation makes workers feel valued and committed to their work.
53
What is the importance of Integration and Coordination of Welfare Activities?
Welfare programs should be well-organized and coordinated to ensure benefits reach workers effectively without duplication. ## Footnote Proper coordination prevents misuse of resources and maximizes the impact of welfare measures.
54
What does a Development-Oriented Approach in welfare measures focus on?
Improving workers’ skills, education, and overall productivity to help employees grow in their careers. ## Footnote This approach contributes to industrial efficiency and competitiveness.
55
What is Continuous Assessment and Improvement in Labour welfare activities?
Labour welfare activities should be regularly reviewed and improved to identify shortcomings and remain relevant to changing needs. ## Footnote Regular feedback from workers ensures initiatives remain meaningful.
56
What role do employers play in Labour Welfare in India?
Employers provide welfare measures like medical care, housing, and recreational facilities for workers. ## Footnote Large industrial houses like Tata and Birla have historically taken initiatives to improve workers’ welfare.
57
What initiatives do governments take for Labour Welfare?
The government implements welfare programs through funds and legislations to enhance workers' living and working conditions. ## Footnote Acts like the Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act focus on health, education, and housing for workers.
58
What is the role of Trade Unions in Labour Welfare?
Trade unions participate in welfare by organizing educational programs, health services, and cooperative societies. ## Footnote Their role has been limited due to financial constraints and internal conflicts.
59
What do State Governments' Welfare Centers provide?
Recreational, educational, and medical facilities for workers. ## Footnote Many states have initiatives to promote worker well-being, such as the Bombay Labour Welfare Fund Act.
60
What is the contribution of Voluntary and Social Service Organizations to Labour Welfare?
NGOs and social service groups focus on education, healthcare, and social development for workers and their families. ## Footnote Groups like the Bombay Social Service League work towards improving worker welfare.
61
What is Social Security?
Measures taken by society to protect individuals from financial and social hardships due to various risks. ## Footnote It provides economic assistance to those unable to support themselves.
62
What are key aspects of Social Security?
* Protection Against Economic Risks * Support for Old Age and Retirement * Medical and Health Benefits * Social Insurance Programs * Social Assistance for the Needy * Legal Framework and Government Support * Promoting Economic Stability and Social Well-being
63
What is the impact of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on Indian Labour Market?
The ILO promotes social justice and improves working conditions worldwide, influencing India's labour laws and policies. ## Footnote India has adopted several ILO conventions to enhance worker welfare.
64
What is the Philanthropic Theory of Labour Welfare?
Employers voluntarily provide welfare measures out of kindness and concern for workers. ## Footnote This approach depends on the goodwill of employers and cannot ensure consistent welfare.
65
What does the Police Theory suggest regarding Labour Welfare?
The government must enforce welfare measures as employers may not voluntarily provide them. ## Footnote This approach guarantees minimum welfare but may create compliance out of fear.
66
What is the Religious Theory of Labour Welfare?
Welfare work is viewed as a moral duty, where good deeds bring rewards. ## Footnote This approach lacks consistency as it relies on personal beliefs.
67
What is the Trusteeship Theory proposed by Mahatma Gandhi?
Business owners are seen as trustees responsible for workers' well-being and growth. ## Footnote This voluntary approach lacks legal enforcement and may not be followed by all employers.
68
What does the Placating Theory suggest about employer motivations for welfare measures?
Employers introduce welfare measures to prevent worker unrest and avoid disputes. ## Footnote This may be a temporary solution rather than a genuine welfare effort.
69
What is the Functional Theory (Efficiency Theory) of Labour Welfare?
Welfare measures are believed to increase efficiency and productivity among workers. ## Footnote A healthier workforce contributes to higher production and industrial growth.

industrial economics (1 decks)

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