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PSYC 210 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

The belief that mental events can be broken down into their componenets

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2
Q

Who pioneered Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

What is the authority approach?

A

seeking knowledge from sources you find reliable and valid

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4
Q

What are the problems with the Authority approach

A

Needs to be evaluated critically

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5
Q

What is the analogy approach?

A

understanding event through similarity to past experiences

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6
Q

What are problems with the Analogy approach?

A

Can be open to many interpretations

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7
Q

What is the rule approach?

A

Establishing rules which cover a variety of situations

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8
Q

What are problems with the rule approach?

A

Saves time, but can threaten advancement of understanding

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9
Q

What is the Empirical Approach?

A

Observing behaviour and drawing conclusion (Psychology)

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10
Q

What are the four approaches to understanding

A

Authority Approach, Analogy Approach, Rule Approach and Empirical Approach

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11
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The measurement taken or what is recorded in an experiment

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12
Q

What is the property of Interest?

A

What the experiment is trying to measure

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13
Q

What indirectly reflects the Property of Interest

A

The dependent variable

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14
Q

What is Operational Definition?

A

Specification of how the property of Interest will be measured (The experiment)

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15
Q

What makes a DV reliable and Valid

A

It is valid if it measures what its supposed to and reliable if under the same conditions it will produce the same results

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16
Q

What does bias mean in terms of DV?

A

It is biased if the DV is constantly inaccurate in one direction

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17
Q

What is the ceiling effect?

A

The experimental task is too easy and all the scores produced are high (No bell curve)

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18
Q

What is the floor effect

A

The experimental task is too hard and all the scores produced are low (No bell curve)

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19
Q

What two scales fall under categorical data?

A

Nominal and Ordinal

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20
Q

What is the nominal scale?

A

Organises data into categories without ordering e.g. colour or gender

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21
Q

What is the ordinal scale?

A

Categorizes and order the categories but categories are not necessarily equal e.g. rugby team standings

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22
Q

What are the two forms of numerical data?

A

Interval and ratio

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23
Q

What is the interval scale?

A

Categorizes, orders and establishes equal unit of measurement in the scale e.g. temperature

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24
Q

What is the ratio scale?

A

Categorizes, orders, establishes and equal unit on the scale and contains a true zero point e.g. number of items remembered on a measurement task

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25
What is an Independent variable?
The variable which distinguishes your groups (what is controlled for)
26
What is a Quasi experiment?
groups not sorted by experimenter, Subject variable = factor not directly manipulated by experimenter
27
What is a true experiment?
groups sorted by experimenter, Manipulated variable = factor directly manipulated by experimenter
28
What does a true experiment allow you to do?
Make predictions and explanations (different to Quasi - only predictions)
29
What are confounding variables?
variables outside of the experiments control which effect the results
30
What are controls?
Variables that the experimenter controls so they don't effect results
31
What is a single masked study?
Study that only the experimenter knows the conditions of the groups
32
What is a double masked study?
study that neither the experimenter nor the participants know the conditions of
33
What is a between subjects design?
Each participant is only tested on one level of the IV
34
What is a within subjects design?
When all participants are tested with all levels of the IV
35
Why can confounding occur in Between subject designs?
Groups can be different (one all young people one all old) causing confounding as
36
What is counterbalancing?
Each treatment is equally exposed to the practice effects and demand characteristics inherent in the within subjects design
37
What is a factorial design
Every level of one variable is combined with every level of the other variable?
38
In a 2*2 Factorial design how many conditions are there?
Four
39
What is the main effect in factorial design?
the effect of one IV on the DV ignoring the other IV's in the study
40
What is the Interaction effect in factorial design?
The effect of one IV on the DV taking in to account the other IV's in the study
41
In the graph if the lines diverge or intersect. what is happening?
there is a main effect interaction
42
If the graph lines are parallel what is happening?
There is no main effect interaction
43
What is a mixed subject design?
Multiples variables, some maybe tested between subjects and other within subjects
44
What is sampling?
experimenters study a subset of the population to make inferences of the whole populations
45
What is a frequency distribution?
The number of occurrence of each different data point in the data set
46
What is a uniform or rectangular distribution?
A distribution which is evenly distributed
47
When a distribution is skewed to the left it is?
Positively skewed
48
When a distributions is skewed to the right it is?
Negatively skewed
49
What is a symmetrical distribution?
Both halves of the graph are symmetrical
50
What is an example of a symmetrical distribution?
Normal distribution
51
What is a measure of central tendency?
A single value that is representative of the data set e.g. average, median
52
What is a measure of variability?
The extent to which all things are not the same, how scores differ from one another
53
What is Inferential Statistics?
Generalise from sample to the population
54
What is Descriptive statistics?
Summarising data collected from the sample into figures
55
What is a numerical range?
The highest value to the lowest value
56
What must the mean deviation always sum up to?
Zero
57
What is the inflection point?
The point at which the normal distribution starts curving out more
58
How far away is the inflection point from the mean?
always one SD away from the mean
59
What is distance from the mean expressed as in normal distributions?
Expressed in the number of SD's
60
What does a Z-score tell us
How far away a score is from the mean
61
What does correlation tell us?
Examines the relationship between DV's e.g. height and weight
62
Two or more variables that are related are said to be what?
Correlated
63
What is a positive correlation?
as one variable get bigger so does the other
64
What is a negative correlation?
As one variable get bigger the other gets smaller
65
What is zero correlation?
There is no observable relationship between the variables
66
What does a correlation coefficient of zero mean?
There is no relationship
67
What does it mean when the correlation coefficient is positive
There is strong relationship
68
what does it mean when the correlation coefficient is negative
there is a poor or negative relationship
69
What is a linear correlation?
Point generally fall along a straight line (line of best fit)
70
What is a curvilinear correlation
Increase in x leads to initial increase in y and the a decrease in y (Yerkes-Dodson arousal curve)
71
What are classed intervals?
Numerical values that constitute a section of the data e.g. heights from 180-190
72
What allows correlations to be measured across time?
When the same people are tested on the same things
73
what is Cross-legged panel correlation underlying assumption?
If one variable causes the other it should be more strongly related over time
74
What are properties of interest?
Specific variables experimenters want to investigate
75
What are Demand Characteristics?
Cues in a new situation that people interpret as "demands" for a new behavior
76
What is the practice effect?
Participants get used to the experiment conditions and stop "behaving"
77
In a 2 Factor (IV) experiment there are 3 sources of variability what are they?
2 main effects ( 1For each IV) and one interaction effect
78
What are inferential statistics used for?
To decide about a population based on observations of the sample
79
What are the three steps of sampling distribution and logic?
1) make a guess about the population frequency distribution (Hypothesis) 2) Take a random sample 3) Decide if sample came from a particular population
80
What do Frequency distributions tell us?
The frequency of particular observations in our dataset
81
What is a null hypothesis?
Hypothesis that is put forward that assumes no significant distance or relationship exists between variables and population
82
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Statement that contradicts the predictions of the null hypothesis
83
What is the significance level?
The probability value that defines the boundary between rejecting and retaining the null hypothesis
84
What is the region of rejection?
the proportion of area in a sampling distribution that represents the sample means that are improbable if the null hypothesis is true
85
What is a type 1 error?
Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true (5% of the time)
86
What is a type 2 error?
Retaining the null hypothesis when it is false
87
Who was the student's t-test invented by?
William S Gosset (worked for guinness)
88
What are the two assumptions of the t-test?
1. The random sample comprises interval or ratio scores 2. The distribution of scores is normal
89
What do two tailed t-tests do?
Statistically compare the means of two different groups.
90

PSYC 210 (3 decks)

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