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MODULE 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Magna Carta of 1215?

A

“A charter granted by King John of England guaranteeing legal and civic rights

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2
Q

When was the Magna Carta signed and why?

A

“Signed on 15th June 1215 under pressure from barons who resisted unjust taxes.”

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3
Q

What was a key outcome of the Magna Carta?

A

“It limited royal power and granted freedom to the English Church.”

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4
Q

What is the English Bill of Rights of 1689?

A

“An act declaring parliamentary supremacy over the Crown and codifying the rights and liberties of citizens.”

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5
Q

What twin foundations did the English Bill of Rights establish?

A

“Supremacy of law and sovereignty of the nation.”

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6
Q

What was the American Declaration of Independence (1776)?

A

“A declaration by 13 American colonies affirming independence and justifying revolt against tyranny.”

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7
Q

What principle did the 1776 Declaration highlight?

A

“The right to revolt when a government violates natural and inalienable rights.”

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8
Q

When was the U.S. Constitution enacted and what did it initially lack?

A

“Enacted in 1787; it lacked a Bill of Rights.”

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9
Q

What was the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)?

A

“Ten constitutional amendments protecting citizens from abuse of power by state officials.”

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10
Q

What is the significance of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)?

A

“A revolutionary document establishing civil equality and the end of feudal privileges.”

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11
Q

What did the French Declaration of 1789 inspire?

A

“Many later constitutions that prioritized human rights.”

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12
Q

What was the Declaration of International Rights of Man (1929)?

A

“A declaration asserting that fundamental rights are for all humans

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13
Q

What organization adopted the 1929 Declaration of International Rights?

A

“The Institute of International Law.”

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14
Q

What is the UN Charter (1945)?

A

“An official document promoting and protecting human rights

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15
Q

Why is the UN Charter significant in human rights history?

A

“It was the first international document to officially mention and recognize ‘human rights’.”

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16
Q

When was the American Declaration of Independence adopted?

A

July 4, 1776.

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17
Q

What foundational principle does the Declaration introduce?

A

That all men are created equal, laying the foundation for modern democracy.

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18
Q

What right did the Declaration affirm as the basis of a democratic nation?

A

Self-determination.

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19
Q

What are the three key sections of the Declaration?

A

Preamble, Grievances against the British Crown, and Conclusion.

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20
Q

What slogan summarized colonial opposition to British taxation?

A

No taxation without representation.

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21
Q

What event escalated tensions between the colonies and Britain in 1774?

A

Closure of the Boston Port and imposition of Martial Law.

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22
Q

What book inspired public support for complete independence in 1776?

A

Thomas Paine’s ‘Common Sense’.

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23
Q

Who were the main drafters of the Declaration of Independence?

A

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston.

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24
Q

What core principle did the Declaration assert about equality?

A

That all men are created equal and are entitled to inalienable rights.

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25
What are the three 'self-evident' rights mentioned in the Declaration?
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
26
What does the Declaration say about oppressive governments?
People have the right to remove or replace oppressive governments.
27
What key concept does 'self-determination' refer to in the Declaration?
The right of people to choose and change their government.
28
What global movements were inspired by the Declaration?
The French Revolution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
29
What document did the Declaration heavily influence in the U.S.?
The Bill of Rights (1791).
30
What is the lasting legacy of the American Declaration of Independence?
It introduced inalienable rights and continues to influence human rights globally.
31
Who were the key ancient Greek philosophers influencing early human rights ideas?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle – they explored justice and natural law.
32
What is natural law?
The idea that certain rights are inherent by virtue of human nature.
33
What religious teachings contributed to early human rights thinking?
Judeo-Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain teachings emphasized dignity, non-violence, and compassion.
34
What role did ancient Indian texts play in human rights development?
Texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Arthashastra discussed rulers' duties and subjects' rights.
35
What was the Magna Carta (1215)?
A charter guaranteeing basic liberties like fair trial and protection from arbitrary imprisonment.
36
What did Thomas Aquinas contribute to human rights?
He developed natural law theory, linking human rights to divine law.
37
Which Mughal emperor promoted human rights through religious tolerance?
Akbar the Great.
38
What was the Enlightenment’s contribution to human rights?
Philosophers like Locke and Rousseau emphasized liberty, equality, and social contracts.
39
What key rights did John Locke advocate?
Right to life, liberty, and property.
40
What Enlightenment-era documents embedded human rights?
The American Declaration of Independence (1776) and French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789).
41
What major 19th-century human rights reforms occurred?
Abolition of slavery and rise of the labour and women's suffrage movements.
42
What laws ended slavery in the US and British Empire?
The 13th Amendment (1865) and Slavery Abolition Act (1833).
43
When did women gain the right to vote in the US and UK?
1920 in the US (19th Amendment) and 1918 in the UK (Representation of the People Act).
44
What was the League of Nations' role in human rights?
It promoted justice and international obligations post-WWI, though it lacked explicit human rights protections.
45
Who led India's rights movement during colonial rule?
Mahatma Gandhi, through non-violence and civil disobedience.
46
When was the United Nations founded and why?
In 1945, to promote global peace and protect human rights after WWII.
47
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
Adopted in 1948, it defines civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
48
Who played a key role in drafting the UDHR?
Eleanor Roosevelt, along with Indian leaders like Hansa Mehta and M.C. Chagla.
49
What is the core principle of the UDHR?
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
50
Which rights are protected under the UDHR?
Right to life, liberty, thought, religion, work, education, and a standard of living.
51
Cyrus Cylinder
World's first charter of human rights Freed the slaves, declared the right to choose their religion, established racial equality
52
Code of Hammurabi 1780 BC
Barbarous One of the oldest deciphered leal writings Matters of contract, conditions for valid transactions,issues relating to household and family relationships An effort to respect human interest
53
Edicts of Asoka
Treatment of prisoners,right behaviour,kindness to animal and other living things Directly reflect modern Human rights thinking
54
Thirukural
Secular philosophy for the respect of human rights during the times of religion based legal systems across the world Many facets of govt, personal rights and right to dignity of individuals and communities
55
Greek philosophy and idea of natural law
Equal respect for all citizens, equality before law, equality in political power and suffrage, equality of civil rights John locke- every individual person in the state of nature possess certain natural rights prior to the existence of any organised govt. To preserve not to surrender Jean- Jacque Rousseau - Man is born free with intrinsic worth
56
What is the legal definition of human rights in India?
Section 2(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act defines human rights as rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individual, guaranteed by the Constitution or international covenants and enforceable by courts.
57
What was the condition of human rights in ancient times?
The state had more power and control over individuals; rights were not respected.
58
What was the condition of rights in the Middle Ages?
Kings and queens had absolute power with no clear laws protecting individuals.
59
Who proposed the idea of "generations of human rights"?
Czech jurist Karel Vasak in 1979.
60
What does the concept of "generations of rights" represent?
A shift in power from the state to individuals recognizing inherent human dignity.
61
What are first-generation human rights also known as?
Blue Rights.
62
What do first-generation rights focus on?
Civil and Political Rights protecting individuals from excesses of the state
63
Name three historic documents that led to first-generation rights.
Magna Carta (1215) Petition of Rights (1628), Bill of Rights (1689).
64
What rights are included in first-generation rights?
Right to life, equality before law, freedom of speech, religion, fair trial, and voting rights
65
Which international documents codify first-generation rights?
UDHR Articles 3–21 and the ICCPR (1966).
66
What are second-generation rights also known as?
Red Rights.
67
What do second-generation human rights focus on?
Economic,Social, and Cultural rights.
68
What are examples of second-generation rights?
Right to work, food, housing, healthcare, social security, and education.
69
Which treaty enshrines second-generation rights?
ICESCR and Articles 22–28 of the UDHR.
70
What is the key difference between first and second-generation rights?
First-generation rights are independent; second-generation rights require state support and resources.
71
What are third-generation rights also called?
Green Rights or Solidarity Rights.
72
What do third-generation rights emphasize?
Collective rights like development, peace, and a healthy environment.
73
Name international documents supporting third-generation rights.
1972 Stockholm Declaration and 1992 Rio Declaration.
74
Who is responsible for safeguarding third-generation rights?
Primarily the international community not just individual states.
75
Why are third-generation rights controversial?
Because they are collective and not individually held; some argue rights should be personal.
76
What are fourth-generation human rights?
Emerging rights related to technology,digital space, future generations, and global commons.
77
What rights are included in fourth-generation rights?
Rights to digital privacy, protection of global commons, cultural heritage, biodiversity, and the rights of future generations.
78
What is a key characteristic of fourth-generation rights?
They transcend national and individual boundaries and are held by humanity as a whole.

Human Rights (5 decks)

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