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STEEL AND TIMBER > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Structural Steel?

A

A type of steel used as a construction material in various shapes, often designed with specific cross-sectional profiles resembling elongated beams.

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2
Q

What is an assembly of members or elements expected to sustain the applied load and transfer safely to the ground?

A

Steel Structures

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3
Q

How is structural steel fabricated?

A

Through techniques such as hot rolling, cold rolling, intricate welding, and bending.

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4
Q

What are the common shapes of structural steel?

A

I, T, and C shapes.

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5
Q

What are the two main classifications of structural steel based on its composition?

A

Carbon steels and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA).

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6
Q

What is the primary alloying element in carbon steels?

A

Carbon.

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7
Q

What is the carbon content range for low-carbon steel?

A

< 0.3%.

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8
Q

What is the carbon content range for medium-carbon steel?

A

0.3-0.6%.

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9
Q

What is the carbon content range for high-carbon steel?

A

0.6-1%.

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10
Q

What is the carbon content range for ultrahigh carbon steel?

A

1.25-2%.

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11
Q

What are the yield stress ranges for carbon steels?

A

220 MPa to 290 MPa.

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12
Q

What is the primary benefit of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA) over carbon steel?

A

Better mechanical properties and greater resistance to corrosion.

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13
Q

What is the yield stress range for HSLA?

A

480 MPa to 640 MPa.

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14
Q

What is the process of quenching in steel treatment?

A

Heating steel to a high temperature and then rapidly cooling it in a liquid.

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15
Q

What does the tempering process involve?

A

Reheating quenched steel to a lower temperature and slowly cooling it.

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16
Q

What does toughness in steel refer to?

A

A material’s ability to resist fracturing when force is applied.

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17
Q

What is yield stress (Fy)?

A

The unit tensile stress at which the stress-strain curve exhibits a well-defined increase in strain without an increase in stress.

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18
Q

What is ultimate tensile strength (Fu)?

A

The largest unit stress that the material achieves in a tension test.

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19
Q

What is ductility?

A

The ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformations without fracture.

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20
Q

What is weldability?

A

The ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical properties.

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21
Q

What is Poisson’s Ratio?

A

The ratio of the transverse strain to longitudinal strain.

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22
Q

What is the typical modulus of elasticity (E) for structural steel?

A

200,000 MPa.

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23
Q

What is the endurance strength of steel?

A

The maximum stress level a steel component can withstand for an infinite number of cycles without failing.

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24
Q

What is the typical yield strength (Fy) of A36 steel?

A

248 MPa.

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25
What are the two groups of steel structures?
Sheets or Plates and Framed structures.
26
What is a Wide Flange Beam designated as?
W.
27
What is the disadvantage of steel structures related to corrosion?
Steel easily corrodes, especially under exposed conditions.
28
What is a dead load?
Loads that are applied slowly and stay on the structure.
29
What is an impact load?
A live load applied suddenly.
30
What is the typical shear modulus (G) of A36 steel?
77,200 MPa.
31
What is the typical endurance strength of A36 steel?
207 MPa
32
What is the typical density of A36 steel?
7,780 kg/m3
33
What is the Poisson's Ratio of A36 steel?
0.3
34
What does the term 'fatigue load' refer to?
A live load applied and then removed many times.
35
What is the designation for a channel shape in structural steel?
C.
36
What category of steel that is mostly used in structual pipes?
Low-Carbon Steel
37
What category of steel that is versatile and affordable?
Medium-Carbon Steel
38
What category of steel that is susceptible to corrosion?
High Carbon Steel
39
What category of steel that needs corrosion protection?
Ultra-high Carbon Steel
40
What type of steel that is mostly used in structural shapes, has greater resistance to corrosion, and typically made of low-alloy?
HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy)
41
What type of steel that is more ductile and subjected to heat treatment process?
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel
42
What type of steel is typically stronger and durable than other types of steel and is shaped by hammering?
Forged Steel
43
What limit that stress is directly proportional to strain?
Proportional Limit
44
What limit that an object can return to its original shape once load is withdrawn?
Elastic Limit
45
What is the formula for stress?
Stress = Force/Area
46
What is the formula for strain?
Strain = Final Length - Original Length/Original Length
47
This is a ratio of shear stress to shear strain
Shear Modulus
48
The slope of the initial straight-line portion of the stress-strain diagram.
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
49
This represents the calculated strength of the member based on its material properties and geometry
Nominal Strength
50
This is where the material begins to deform plastically. Prior to this, the material deforms elastically.
Yield Strength
51
It refers to the total cross-sectional area of the area of the member before any deductions for holes or other discontinuities
Gross Area
52
The cross-sectional properties (e.g. Area and Moment of Inertia) are large enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear or bending moment from exceeding an allowable or permissible value
ASD (Allowable Stress Design)
53
Based on the consideration of failure conditions rather than the working load conditions. A member is selected by using the criterion that the structure will fail at a load substantially higher than the working load.
Plastic Design
54
This is similar to the plastic design in which the lightest member is selected with enough strength to carry and resist the failure loads. The available strength is reduced by the resistance factor.
LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)
55
What is the formula for yielding?
Pn = FyAg
56
What is the formula for rupture?
Pn = FuAe
57
What is the formula for resistance factor?
Pu = 𝜙Pn
58
What is the formula for safety factor?
Pa = Pn/𝜴
59
For LRFD, what are the resistance factor for yielding and rupture?
Yielding: 0.9 Rupture: 0.75
60
For ASD, what are the safety factor for yielding and rupture?
Yielding: 1.67 Rupture: 2
61
What are the yield strength and ultimate strenght of an A36 Steel?
Yield Strength = 36ksi Ultimate Strength = 58ksi
62
What is the required allowance for holes according to code?
1/8 in or 2 mm
63
What are the yield strength and ultimate strength of an A992 steel?
Yield Strength = 50ksi Ultimate Strength = 65ksi
64
What shape/s does A992 steel uses?
W
65
What are the yield strength and ultimate strength of an A572 grade 50?
Yield Strength = 50ksi Ultimate Strength = 65ksi
66
What shape/s does A36 steel uses?
C,L,M,S
67
What is 50 ksi in MPa?
345 MPa
68
What is 100 ksi in MPa
690 Mpa
69
What is the gross area formula for shear lag factor or effective net area?
Ae=UAn
70
According to code, what are the minimum loads of dead and live loads?
Dead Load = 35 kips Live Load = 15 kips
71
What are the formula for factored load?
U = 1.4D U = 1.2D + 1.6L
72
What are the indications if the Pu is safe?
Pu > U
73
The ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformations without fracture.
Ductility
74
The ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical properties.
Weldability
75
A material's ability to resist fracturing when force is applied.
Toughness
76
Measures the amount of resistance that the steel has to local deformation due to mechanical indentation or abrasion
Hardness
77
How would you determine if Pa is safe?
Pa > D + L
78
What type of wood that has a 50 years span?
Pine Fir
79
What type of wood that has a 50 to 80 years span?
Cedar Red Wood
80
What type of wood that has 100 years span?
Oak Teak
81
What type of wood is rare?
Oak
82
Rank these type of wood from weakest to strongest: Red Wood Teak Fir
Fir Red Wood Teak
83
Rank these type of wood from weakest to strongest: Oak Cedar Pine
Pine Cedar Oak
84
Structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces
Tension Members
85
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states
Excessive deformation Fracture
86
To prevent excessive deformation initiated by yielding, the load on the gross section must be small enough that the stress on the gross section is less than _____
yield stress
87
To prevent fracture, the stress on the net section must be less than _____
tensile strength

STEEL AND TIMBER (1 decks)

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