Module 1 & 2

Question 1

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart, lungs, kidneys

Answer 2

Gross Anatomy

Question 3

All structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)

Answer 3

Regional

Question 4

Body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc)

Answer 4

Systemic

Question 5

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Answer 5

Surface

Question 6

Deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology, histology)

Answer 6

Microscopic

Question 7

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

Answer 7

Developmental

Question 8

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Answer 8

Physiology

Question 9

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

Answer 9

Integumentary System

Question 10

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Answer 10

Skeletal System

Question 11

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Answer 11

Muscular System

Question 12

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Answer 12

Nervous System

Question 13

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as grown, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Answer 13

Endocrine System

Question 14

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Answer 14

Cardiovascular System

Question 15

Picks un fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Answer 15

Lymphatic System

Question 16

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Answer 16

Respiratory System

Question 17

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Answer 17

Digestive System

Question 18

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regular water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Answer 18

Urinary System

Question 19

Is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

Answer 19

Catabolism

Question 20

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process

Answer 20

Anabolism

Question 21

Smallest unit of life

Answer 21

Cells

Question 22

Selectively permeable barrier

Answer 22

Plasma Membrane

Question 23

Intracellular fluid packed with organelles

Answer 23

Cytoplasm

Question 24

Organelle that controls cellular activities

Answer 24

Nucleus

Question 25

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells.

Answer 25

Extracellular Materials

Question 26

Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 26

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 27

Substances that aid digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)

Answer 27

Cellular Secretions

Question 28

Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides

Answer 28

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Question 29

Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid + cholesterol

Answer 29

Membrane Lipids

Question 30

Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function

Answer 30

Membrane Proteins

Question 31

Includes glycoproteins and glycolipid. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biological markers.

Answer 31

Membrane Carbohydrates

Question 32

Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

Answer 32

Cell Junctions

Question 33

Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Answer 33

Physical Barrier

Question 34

Determines which substances enters or exit the cell

Answer 34

Selective Permeability

Question 35

Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior

Answer 35

Communication

Question 36

Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other

Answer 36

Cell Recognition

Question 37

Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

Answer 37

Simple Diffusion

Question 38

either through a (binding to carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins

Answer 38

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 39

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane

Answer 39

Osmosis

Question 40

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume

Answer 40

Tonicity

Question 41

Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water

Answer 41

Isotonic

Question 42

Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate

Answer 42

Hypertonic

Question 43

More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse

Answer 43

Hypotonic

Question 44

Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

Answer 44

Active Transport

Question 45

Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles

Answer 45

Membrane Potential

Question 46

Cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 46

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Question 47

In which cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and immunity

Answer 47

Contact Signaling

Question 48

Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response

Answer 48

Chemical Signaling

Question 49

Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply. Lozenge-shaped organelles that contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes and able to reproduce themselves.

Answer 49

Mitochondria

Question 50

Sites of protein synthesis. Small- dark staining granules composed of proteins and RNA

Answer 50

Ribosomes

Question 51

Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs

Answer 51

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 52

Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secretes from cells

Answer 52

Rough ER

Question 53

Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions

Answer 53

Smooth ER

Question 54

Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids

Answer 54

Golgi Apparatus

Question 55

Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers)

Answer 55

Peroxisomes

Question 56

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 56

Lysosomes

Question 57

Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cells structures

Answer 57

Cytoskeleton

Question 58

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces

Answer 58

Cell Cycle

Question 59

Period of cell formation to cell division

Answer 59

Interphase

Question 60

Division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells

Answer 60

Mitosis

Question 61

Is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain

Answer 61

Gene

Question 62

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

Answer 62

Tissues

Question 63

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Answer 63

Epithelial Tissue

Question 64

Characteristics of the Epithelium

Answer 64

Polarity Specialized Contacts Supported by Connective Tissue Avascular bur innervated Regeneration

Question 65

found where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs

Answer 65

Simple

Question 66

With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining of the mouth and skin surface

Answer 66

Stratified

Question 67

Consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Answer 67

Gland

Question 68

Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins

Answer 68

Secretion

Question 69

Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs. Internally secretion

Answer 69

Endocrine

Question 70

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others. Externally secreting

Answer 70

Exocrine

Question 71

One-celled

Answer 71

Unicellular

Question 72

Many celled

Answer 72

Multicellular

Question 73

Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement

Answer 73

Muscle Tissue

Question 74

high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses

Answer 74

Neurons

Question 75

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons

Answer 75

Supporting Cells