Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro To Micro > Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Microbiology definition

A

The study of very small things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microorganisms

A

germs or microbes
Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microorganism groups

A

Bacteria
Fungi (yeast or mold)
Protozoans
Microscopic algae
viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Positive roles of microbes

A

Form basis of food chains in oceans, lakes, and rivers
Break down wastes
photosynthesis
digestion and synthesis of vitamin k and vitamin b
food production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Non-pathogenic becomes pathogenic when the conditions are right
(c. diff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First microscope
Created cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Edward Jenner

A

First mandatory vaccine
Found small pox vaccine by using cow-scrapings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pasteurization versus sterilization

A

pasteurization involves food while sterilization involves inanimate objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A

False idea stating that life can come from non-living materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Applied germ theory to medical procedures (hand washing)
Discovered first disinfectant (phenol) which served as a hand sanitizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Theorized germs caused disease
disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
demonstrated microbial life can be destroyed by heat and methods can be designed to block the access of airborne microoganisms to nutrient environments
formed the basis of aseptic techniques
discovered pasteruization
Found out why vaccines worked (but not boosters)
used live attenuated or weakened pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Robert Koch

A

First proof that bacteria causes disease by injecting cows (Koch’s postulate)
Koch and Petri developed the petri dish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arthur Flemming

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antibiotic problems

A

Damaging side effects to host
antibiotic-resistant microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Discovered tobacco mosaic virus (first virus discovered)
cannot be filtered out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Notable microorganisms

A

Legionella pneumophilia
Staphylococcus aureus
HIV
Yersinia pestis
Flesh eating streptococcus
SARS virus
h1N1 influenza virus
Ebola
Covid 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to write a microorganism name

A

Genus (first, capitalized, italicized)
species (follows, not capitalized, italicized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who devised the five-system classification system?

A

Robert Whitaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the size of most bacteria?

A

0.20-2.0 microns in diameter and 2-8 microns in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do cocci divide

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diplococci

A

pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

streptococci

A

chainlike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tetrads

A

groups of 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sarcinae

A

cubelike, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
staphylococci
grapelike clusters
23
cocci
spherical
24
bacilli
rod-shaped
25
how do bacilli divide
only across their short axis
26
diplobacilli
pairs
27
streptobaccili
chains
28
coccobacilli
oval, in between bacilli and cocci
29
spirochetes
spiral
30
vibrio
commas
31
spirilla
helical shape, like a corkscrew. has flagella
32
spirochetes
no flagella, move by axial filament
33
Stella
star shaped cell
34
Arcula
square shapes, flat cells
35
what can affect shape
antibiotics and environment
36
what are cell walls made up of
peptidoglycan
37
what determines the virulence factor
glycocalyx (how well it sticks) capsule slime layer
38
Glycocalyx
external to cell membrane can take the form of a capsule or slime layer, flagella, axial filaments, and pili gelatinous polymer (protection) composed of polypeptides, polysaccharide or both viscous (sticky) made inside the cell and excreted outside protects against dehydration and inhibits the movement of nutrients from the cell
39
Called a capsule if
causes virulence in an organism
40
virulence
degree to which bacteria causes disease
41
called a slime layer when
purpose is to attach a bacterium to various surfaces in order to survive
42
Flagella
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria Move in a helical rotary fashion Four arrangements
43
monotrichous
single polar flagellum
44
amphitricious
single flagella at both ends of the cell
45
lophotrichous
two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell
46
peritrichous
flagella distributed over the entire cell
47
Axial filaments
Facilitate the movement of spirochetes Bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell Rotation of filaments causes the rigid helical cell to rotate in the opposite direction and move as a corkscrew
48
Pili
Hair like appendages, shorter and thinner than flagella Can occur at the poles or over the entire surface many gram-negative bacteria have pili two types of pili
49
Common pili
allow cell to adhere to surfaces including the surface of other cells Neisseria gonorrhea is an example
50
Sex pili
Functions to join bacterial cells prior to the transfer of DNA
51
Cell wall
Semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape almost all prokaryotes have it composed of peptidoglycan
52
Cell wall function
prevent cell rupture from osmotic pressure maintain the shape anchors the flagella produce symptoms of disease in some site of action of some antibiotics
53
Gram positive bacteria
Has thick layers of peptidoglycan cell walls contain teichoic acid (makes it possible to be identified serologically, like strep) Teichoic acid helps to prevent cell wall lysis
54
Acid fast bacteria (mycobacterium)
consists of peptidoglycan and 60% lipids
55
gram negative bacteria
contain peptidoglycan in small amounts have no teichoic acids peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids increased permeabiltiy of the cell wall
56
Gram negative bacteria outside layer function
strong negative charge helps to evade phagocytosis and the action of complement provides a barrier to certain substances (penicillin) and is permeable to others
57
What two characteristics of gram negative bacteria does LPS provide
O polysaccharides that function as antigens in serological testing. Lipid A is an endotoxin that can be toxic in hosts blood stream
58
Atypical cell walls
prokaryotes that naturally have no walls or have very little wall material cannot be plated
59
Atypical cell wall species
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma
60
Plasma membrane
selectively permeable breaks down nutrients and helps produce energy Mesosomes
61
Mesosomes
Irregular folds of the plasma membrane function is unknown thought to play a role in reproduction and metabolism

Intro To Micro (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions