Module 1 & 2

Question 1

Microbiology definition

Answer 1

The study of very small things

Question 2

Microorganisms

Answer 2

germs or microbes
Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 3

Microorganism groups

Answer 3

Bacteria
Fungi (yeast or mold)
Protozoans
Microscopic algae
viruses

Question 4

Positive roles of microbes

Answer 4

Form basis of food chains in oceans, lakes, and rivers
Break down wastes
photosynthesis
digestion and synthesis of vitamin k and vitamin b
food production

Question 5

Opportunistic pathogen

Answer 5

Non-pathogenic becomes pathogenic when the conditions are right
(c. diff)

Question 6

Robert Hooke

Answer 6

First microscope
Created cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)

Question 7

Edward Jenner

Answer 7

First mandatory vaccine
Found small pox vaccine by using cow-scrapings

Question 7

pasteurization versus sterilization

Answer 7

pasteurization involves food while sterilization involves inanimate objects

Question 7

Theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 7

False idea stating that life can come from non-living materials

Question 7

Joseph Lister

Answer 7

Applied germ theory to medical procedures (hand washing)
Discovered first disinfectant (phenol) which served as a hand sanitizer

Question 8

Louis Pasteur

Answer 8

Theorized germs caused disease
disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
demonstrated microbial life can be destroyed by heat and methods can be designed to block the access of airborne microoganisms to nutrient environments
formed the basis of aseptic techniques
discovered pasteruization
Found out why vaccines worked (but not boosters)
used live attenuated or weakened pathogen

Question 9

Robert Koch

Answer 9

First proof that bacteria causes disease by injecting cows (Koch’s postulate)
Koch and Petri developed the petri dish

Question 10

Arthur Flemming

Answer 10

Penicillin

Question 11

Antibiotic problems

Answer 11

Damaging side effects to host
antibiotic-resistant microorganism

Question 12

Wendell Stanley

Answer 12

Discovered tobacco mosaic virus (first virus discovered)
cannot be filtered out

Question 13

Notable microorganisms

Answer 13

Legionella pneumophilia
Staphylococcus aureus
HIV
Yersinia pestis
Flesh eating streptococcus
SARS virus
h1N1 influenza virus
Ebola
Covid 19

Question 14

How to write a microorganism name

Answer 14

Genus (first, capitalized, italicized)
species (follows, not capitalized, italicized)

Question 15

Who devised the five-system classification system?

Answer 15

Robert Whitaker

Question 16

What is the size of most bacteria?

Answer 16

0.20-2.0 microns in diameter and 2-8 microns in length

Question 17

How do cocci divide

Answer 17

binary fission

Question 18

diplococci

Answer 18

pairs

Question 19

streptococci

Answer 19

chainlike

Question 20

tetrads

Answer 20

groups of 4

Question 21

sarcinae

Answer 21

cubelike, 8

Question 22

staphylococci

Answer 22

grapelike clusters

Question 23

cocci

Answer 23

spherical

Question 24

bacilli

Answer 24

rod-shaped

Question 25

how do bacilli divide

Answer 25

only across their short axis

Question 26

diplobacilli

Answer 26

pairs

Question 27

streptobaccili

Answer 27

chains

Question 28

coccobacilli

Answer 28

oval, in between bacilli and cocci

Question 29

spirochetes

Answer 29

spiral

Question 30

vibrio

Answer 30

commas

Question 31

spirilla

Answer 31

helical shape, like a corkscrew. has flagella

Question 32

spirochetes

Answer 32

no flagella, move by axial filament

Question 33

Stella

Answer 33

star shaped cell

Question 34

Arcula

Answer 34

square shapes, flat cells

Question 35

what can affect shape

Answer 35

antibiotics and environment

Question 36

what are cell walls made up of

Answer 36

peptidoglycan

Question 37

what determines the virulence factor

Answer 37

glycocalyx (how well it sticks) capsule slime layer

Question 38

Glycocalyx

Answer 38

external to cell membrane can take the form of a capsule or slime layer, flagella, axial filaments, and pili gelatinous polymer (protection) composed of polypeptides, polysaccharide or both viscous (sticky) made inside the cell and excreted outside protects against dehydration and inhibits the movement of nutrients from the cell

Question 39

Called a capsule if

Answer 39

causes virulence in an organism

Question 40

virulence

Answer 40

degree to which bacteria causes disease

Question 41

called a slime layer when

Answer 41

purpose is to attach a bacterium to various surfaces in order to survive

Question 42

Flagella

Answer 42

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria Move in a helical rotary fashion Four arrangements

Question 43

monotrichous

Answer 43

single polar flagellum

Question 44

amphitricious

Answer 44

single flagella at both ends of the cell

Question 45

lophotrichous

Answer 45

two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell

Question 46

peritrichous

Answer 46

flagella distributed over the entire cell

Question 47

Axial filaments

Answer 47

Facilitate the movement of spirochetes Bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell Rotation of filaments causes the rigid helical cell to rotate in the opposite direction and move as a corkscrew

Question 48

Pili

Answer 48

Hair like appendages, shorter and thinner than flagella Can occur at the poles or over the entire surface many gram-negative bacteria have pili two types of pili

Question 49

Common pili

Answer 49

allow cell to adhere to surfaces including the surface of other cells Neisseria gonorrhea is an example

Question 50

Sex pili

Answer 50

Functions to join bacterial cells prior to the transfer of DNA

Question 51

Cell wall

Answer 51

Semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape almost all prokaryotes have it composed of peptidoglycan

Question 52

Cell wall function

Answer 52

prevent cell rupture from osmotic pressure maintain the shape anchors the flagella produce symptoms of disease in some site of action of some antibiotics

Question 53

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 53

Has thick layers of peptidoglycan cell walls contain teichoic acid (makes it possible to be identified serologically, like strep) Teichoic acid helps to prevent cell wall lysis

Question 54

Acid fast bacteria (mycobacterium)

Answer 54

consists of peptidoglycan and 60% lipids

Question 55

gram negative bacteria

Answer 55

contain peptidoglycan in small amounts have no teichoic acids peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids increased permeabiltiy of the cell wall

Question 56

Gram negative bacteria outside layer function

Answer 56

strong negative charge helps to evade phagocytosis and the action of complement provides a barrier to certain substances (penicillin) and is permeable to others

Question 57

What two characteristics of gram negative bacteria does LPS provide

Answer 57

O polysaccharides that function as antigens in serological testing. Lipid A is an endotoxin that can be toxic in hosts blood stream

Question 58

Atypical cell walls

Answer 58

prokaryotes that naturally have no walls or have very little wall material cannot be plated

Question 59

Atypical cell wall species

Answer 59

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Question 60

Plasma membrane

Answer 60

selectively permeable breaks down nutrients and helps produce energy Mesosomes

Question 61

Mesosomes

Answer 61

Irregular folds of the plasma membrane function is unknown thought to play a role in reproduction and metabolism