Module 1 & 2

Question 1

chemistry is

Answer 1

the study of matter, its chemical and physical properties, the chemical and physical changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those processes

Question 2

matter is

Answer 2

anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 3

matter gains and loses ____ as it undergoes ___

Answer 3

energy; change

Question 4

The scientific method is

Answer 4

a systematic approach to the discovery of new information

Question 5

Characteristics of the scientific method include:

Answer 5

observation of a phenomenon; formulation of a question concerning the observation; presentation of a hypothesis; experimentation, with the collection and analysis of data and results in an attempt to support or disprove a hypothesis; ultimate goal of process is to form a theory supported by extensive testing

Question 6

a scientific law is

Answer 6

the summary of a large quantity of information supporting a theory or hypothesis

Question 7

pure substances of matter can be subdivided into what two groups?

Answer 7

elements or compounds

Question 8

mixtures can be subdivided into what two groups?

Answer 8

homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures

Question 9

properties of matter can be classified as what two things?

Answer 9

physical property and chemical property

Question 10

a physical property is

Answer 10

observed without changing the composition of matter

Question 11

a chemical property is

Answer 11

observed as the matter is converted to a new substance

Question 12

properties can be classified into what two categories?

Answer 12

intensive and extensive

Question 13

intensive property is

Answer 13

a property that does not depend on the quantity of matter

Question 14

extensive property is

Answer 14

a property that does depend on the quantity of matter

Question 15

Why does the metric system have a advantage over the English system?

Answer 15

metric units are systematically related to each other by powers of ten

Question 16

mass is…

Answer 16

a measure of the quantity of matter

Question 17

Weight is

Answer 17

the force of gravity on an object

Question 18

the metric unit for mass is ____; a common English mass unit is the ____

Answer 18

gram; pound

Question 19

length is

Answer 19

the distance between two points

Question 20

volume is

Answer 20

the space occupied by an object

Question 21

the metric unit of time is the___

Answer 21

second

Question 22

significant figures are

Answer 22

all digits in a measurement known with certainty plus one uncertain digit

Question 23

what is scientific notation?

Answer 23

a way to express a number as a power of ten

Question 24

temperature is

Answer 24

the degree of hotness of an object

Question 25

energy is

Answer 25

the ability to do work

Question 26

energy is categorized as ___ energy and ____ energy

Answer 26

kinetic and potential

Question 27

concentration is

Answer 27

a measure of the amount of a substance contained in a specified amount of a mixture

Question 28

density is

Answer 28

the ratio of mass to volume and is an intensive property; typically reported as g/mL or g/cm3

Question 29

specific gravity is

Answer 29

the ratio of the density of an object to the density of pure water at 4 degrees C; numerically equal to density but without units

Question 30

What are the 6 postulates of Daltons atomic theory?

Answer 30

all matter consists of tiny particles called atoms; an atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed, or converted to any other type of atom; atoms of a particular element have identical properties; atoms of different elements have different properties; atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to produce compounds (stable combinations of atoms);

Question 31

spectroscopy

Answer 31

information obtained from the absorption or emission of light by atoms that yield valuable insight into structure of an atom

Question 32

electromagnetic radiation travels in ___ from a source; the most recognizable source is the ___

Answer 32

waves; sun

Question 33

the speed of light is notated as

Answer 33

3.0 x 10-to-the-8th power m/s

Question 34

electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 34

a collection of all electromagnetic radiation, including each of the different wavelengths

Question 35

what is electron density?

Answer 35

the proportion (density) to the probability of finding the electron at any point in time

Question 36

the periodic law is...

Answer 36

embodied by Mendeleev's statement which states "the elements, if arranged according to their atomic weights (masses), show a distinct periodicity (regular variation) of their properties"

Question 37

Describe a common property of metals? Nonmetals?

Answer 37

Metals tend to lose electrons while nonmetal tend to gain them

Question 38

What are principal energy levels?

Answer 38

regions where electrons may be found and in which integral values are designated n = 1, n = 2, n=3, etc.; related to the average distance from the nucleus; n = 1 level is the closest to the nucleus

Question 39

The maximum number of electrons that a principal energy level can hold is equal to what?

Answer 39

2(n) to the 2nd power

Question 40

Only one ___ orbital can be found in any ___ orbital

Answer 40

s; n

Question 41

Which orbitals are important in determining the properties of the transition metals?

Answer 41

d orbitals

Question 42

what are paired electrons?

Answer 42

two electrons in one orbital that possess opposite spins ; their number and arrangement within an atom are responsible for magnetic properties of elements

Question 43

no more than __ electrons can be placed in any orbital; each principle energy level (n) can contain only ___ subshells

Answer 43

2; n

Question 44

what is the aufbau principle?

Answer 44

electrons fill the lowest energy orbital that is available

Question 45

What is the electron capacity of the s orbital? p? d?

Answer 45

2; 6; 10

Question 46

what is isoelectric?

Answer 46

an ion that has the same electron configuration as its nearest noble gas, making it stable

Question 47

Transition and representative metals tend to form ___ by losing electrons

Answer 47

cation

Question 48

nonmetallic elements tend to form ___ by gain electrons

Answer 48

anions

Question 49

what is electron affinity?

Answer 49

the potential to gain electrons, or the energy change when a single electron is added to an isolated atom; large electron affinity mans a large release of energy indicating more electrons equal a more stable atom

Question 50

ionization energy is

Answer 50

the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom; decreases down a group; increases across a period; highest for noble gases

Question 51

electron affinities generally ___ down a ___ and ___ across a ____

Answer 51

decrease; group; increase; period

Question 52

Which of the following properties of matter is not considered to be an intensive property but rather is best understood as an extensive property?

Answer 52

mass

Question 53

What are the correct expressions when the following numbers are put into scientific notation? 113.7789; 0.0003885; 5.229

Answer 53

1.137789 x 102 and 3.885 x 10-4 and 5.229

Question 54

Which of the following atoms or ions does not contain a full octet of electrons in its outmost energy level? Magnesium is in Group IIA; sulfur is in Group VIA; bromine is in Group VIIA; Argon is in Group VIIIA.

Answer 54

S

Question 55

Which of the following is the correct electron configuration for a neutral atom of chlorine (Cl), atomic number 17? Chlorine is located in Group VIIA and period 3 of the periodic table.

Answer 55

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

Question 56

Which of the following elements is not classified as a metal in the periodic table?

Answer 56

selenium