Module 1 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Aristotle (4th century BCE) asked questions to understand the relationship between body and psyche.
His way of answering those questions was to __… and make ___.
observe
guesses
-
carefully measured observations
experiments
-
- Push a button when a ball dropped (based on when they heard the ball hit a platform): 1/10th of a second.
- Push a button when consciously aware of hearing the ball hit the platform: 2/10ths of a second.
Titchener, like his teacher Wilhelm Wundt, relied on “self-report” data. He had people engage in__, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience, in reaction to stimuli such as the smell or feel of a flower.
Titchener tried to use these introspective reports to build a view of the mind’s structure. He called this view___.
- introspection
- structuralism
William James (1842-1910) developed__. He studied human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and asked: what function might they serve? how might they have helped our ancestors survive?
He wrote __.
James mentored another pioneer
- functionalism
- Principles of Psychology
__ (1863-1930) became a memory researcher and the first female president of the APA.
She studied with ___ but was denied a Harvard PhD. Why?
Because of her gender
- Mary Whiton Calkins
- William James
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939), PhD, became the __, and wrote The Animal Mind.
She studied with __, but was barred from his experimental psychology organization. Guess why.
- second female APA president
- Edward Titchener
- __, around 1900: “The science of mental life.”
- __, behaviorists, 1920’s: “The scientific study of observable behavior.”
- , 1960’s, studied internal mental processes, helped by neuroscience.
- Now we combine these definitions: “The science of __.”
- Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
- John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
- Cognitive psychologists
- behavior and mental processes
Trends in Psychological Science: Behaviorism
- By pairing a bunny with a loud noise, __ taught a baby (“Little Albert”) to fear rabbits. This is called classical conditioning
- __ used operant conditioning to teach pigeons to do amazing things to get rewards. He later wrote about how human communities could be shaped by this method .
- John B. Watson
- B.F. Skinner
Trends in Psychology:
Freudian/Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud, founder of__, (late 1800’s):
He studied and helped people with a variety of mental disorders.
His school of study and treatment focused on the role of unconscious drives, wishes, and needs, and emphasized the importance of childhood experiences.
-psychoanalysis
Trends in Psychology:
Humanism
Humanists: ___ (1960s):
studied people who were thriving rather than those who had psychological problems.
developed theories and treatments to help people to feel accepted and to reach their full potential.
-Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Psychology’s pioneers have come from many fields: physiology, philosophy, medicine, and biology.
Advances in psychology also have been made in many countries
Psychology has spread rapidly; there are__ member nations in the IUPS.
71
Nature:__
- __:Ideas such as “the good” and “beauty” are inborn.
- __:Some ideas are innate.
- __:Some traits, behaviors, and instincts are part of the nature of the species.
Nurture:__
- __:All knowledge comes through the senses.
- __:The mind is a blank slate (blank chalkboard or screen) “written on” by experience.
- We share a common origin that gives us an inborn human nature in common.
- Plato
- Descartes
- Charles Darwin
- We have differences that are shaped by our environment
- Aristotle
- John Locke
“Nurture__ on what Nature__.”
- works
- endows
psychology’s three “biopsychosocial” levels of analysis. -The deep level, Biology: \_\_ -In the middle, Psychology: \_\_ -The outer level, Environment: \_\_
- genes, brain, neuro-transmitters, survival, reflexes, sensation
- thoughts, emotions, moods, choices, behaviors, traits, motivations, knowledge, perceptions
- social Influences, culture, education, relationships
psychology’s three “biopsychosocial” influences:
- Biological influences:
- Psychology influences:
- Environment influences:
- natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions to responding to environment, brain mechanism, and hormonal influences.
- learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations.
- presence of others, cultural and societal and family expectations, peer and other group influences, and compelling media such as media.
There are many perspectives for describing psychological phenomena:
- How reliable is memory? How can we improve our thinking?
- Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from our culture?
- Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be genetically programmed instincts?
- What role do our bodies and brains play in emotions? How is pain inhibited? Can we trust our senses?
- Do inner childhood conflicts still plague me and affect my behavior?
- How are our problematic behaviors reinforced? How do our fears become conditioned? What can we do to change these fears and behaviors?
- Why are humans prone to panic, anger, and making irrational judgments?
- cognitive perspective
- social-cultural
- behavioral genetics
- neuroscience
- psychodynamic
- behaviorist
- evolutionary
SQ3R
- __:Scan/Skim what you are about to read, especially chapter outlines and section heads.
- __:Ask questions that the text might answer; write guesses.
- __:Look for the answer to your questions, reading a manageable amount at a time.
- __:Recall what you’ve read in your own words. Test yourself with quizzes.
- __:Look over text and notes and quickly review the main ideas of the whole chapter.
Survey question read rehearse review
First Application of Psychology:Improving your test performance
Scientific studies show us that:
-testing yourself boosts retention of material.
-actively processing material helps master it.
-spaced rehearsal, interspaced with other subjects, is more efficient than cramming.
-people tend to overestimate their mastery.
- The retrieval practice effect/testing effect
- Put it in your own words, make connections
- Spread studying over multiple days
- If the concept looks familiar… not good enough.
