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Pathophys 2 Exam 3 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomy in the nervous system?

A

Soma
axon
dendrites
axon terminal

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2
Q

What is a Neuroglial/glial cell?

A

“nerve glue”

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3
Q

What is Astroglia function

A 
CT of the CNS
fxn to fill space btwn neuron and BV in CNS
"scar forming cells"
component of BBB
talk to neighboring cells
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4
Q

What are Oligodendroglia

A

myelinate neurons in CNS

in CNS they myelinate MULTIPLE neurons (axons)

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5
Q

Ependymoglia?

fxn?

A

Line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, choroid plexus

fxn: secretory, absorptive and circulatory role
secrete CSF
w/cilia for flow

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6
Q

What are microglia?

A

Remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis (clean up)

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7
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Theyre in the PNS
myelinate 1 single neuron in PNS
provide CT support, myelinate, and have phagocytic role (immune health)

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8
Q

What are the parts of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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10
Q

What is the Telencephalon?

A

Part of the Forebrain

consists of frontal + parietal lobes

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11
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

part of the forebrain

consist of hypothalmus and thalmus

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12
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What are the pathways of the SC?

A

motor and sensory

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14
Q

what are the meninges in the SC?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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15
Q

What are the parts of the PNS

A

Cranial nerves

spinal nerves

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16
Q

What are the parts of the ANS?

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system of gi

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17
Q

Gyri

A

ridges/fold of cortex

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18
Q

sulci

A

grooves between the gyri

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19
Q

fissure

A

large deep sulci

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20
Q

white matter

A

myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of CNS

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21
Q

Fasciculus?

A

bundle or tracts of fibers

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22
Q

Commisures?

A

transverse connections between right/left hemispheres

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23
Q

Projection fibers

fxn

A

connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
Afferent to cortex
Efferent from cortex

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24
Q

Association fibers?

A

connections between regions of the CNS w/in the cortex

ex btwn sensory and motor regions

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25
Q

Gray Matter

A

contains cell bodies and neurons

Columnar arrangement of cortex

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26
Q

Fxn of gyri and sulci

A

increase the surface area

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27
Q

What are the lobes?

A 
frontal 
parietal
occipital
temporal
insular
limbic
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28
Q

Broadmann’s is:

A

“mapping the cortex”

system identifying fxnal regions of cortex

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29
Q

Primary area:

A

“raw” individual
primary motor output
primary sensory input

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30
Q

Secondary areas:

A

give meaning to primary secondary area

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31
Q

Association area of broadmanns

A

integrates sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience

unimodal and multimodal

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32
Q

What are the # of the frontal lobe?

A 
4
6
8
44-45
9-12, 46, 47
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33
Q

What is area 4?

A

Primary Motor area (pre-central gyrus)

somatotropic organization–homunculus

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34
Q

Fxn Area 4?

A

Frontal.
contralateral voluntary movement
homunculus arrangement

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35
Q

Lesion to area 4?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia

paresis=partial motor loss, plegia=complete loss

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36
Q

Area 6

A

Frontal.

pre-motor area (pre central gyrus/sulcus and some superior frontal gyrus)

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37
Q

Fxn Area 6

A

Frontal.
prepare and select primary motor area for execution of voluntary movement
“prep motor area… plan sequence”

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38
Q

Lesion to Area 6

A

inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement

contralateral apraxia of involved regions

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39
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to execute learned purposeful voluntary movement
result of lesion to motor association areas of frontal lobe or sensory input from parietal association areas
numerous types of apraxia depending on the cause or movement affected

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40
Q

Note Apraxia vs Ataxia

what is ataxia

A

Ataxia is uncoordinated of learned voluntary movement

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41
Q

Gait Apraxia

A

diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing

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42
Q

Construction apraxia

A

inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures

lesion in non-dominany parietal and frontal lobea

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43
Q

Sensory Apraxia

A

inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement

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44
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

inability to perform a task when asked

ie comb hair

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45
Q

Area 8 is?

A

Frontal.

Frontal eye field (middle frontal gyrus)

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46
Q

function of area 8

A

conjugate gaze to opposite direction

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47
Q

lesion to area 8

destructive + irritative

A

destructive lesion: eye deviates TOWARD side of lesion

irritative lesion (seizure): eye deviates AWAY from the lesion( hyperactive of normal)

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48
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Primary communication/information cell type of nervous system

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49
Q

Area 44, 45 in the ___lobe

A

Frontal.

50
Q

Dominant function of Area 44,45

A

Broca’s speech area- dominant only

fxn: motor production of language (speech, writing, singing)
serves as a pre-programmer to motor cortex

51
Q

Lesion to Dominant 44,45

A 
Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia, motor aphasia or non-fluent aphasia)
"can comprehend language but can't speak"
52
Q

Aphasia

A

acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language
can be sensory, motor or both
impairment of any language modality (sensory motor both)

53
Q

Dysarthria

A

difficulty of motor control to tongue/mouth to produce speech

54
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty with motor function of swallowing

55
Q

Non Dominant hemisphere 44,45 function

A

production of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech
“musical aspects of speech”

56
Q

Non dominant 44,45 damage

A

Motor dysphagia- difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech

Prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech

57
Q

Area 9-12, 46,47 is the

A

PreFRONTAL area (higher order intellectual action/function

58
Q

Function of 10-12

A

“classic” prefrontal area
social behavior- appropriate vs inappropriate
motivation and ability to focus-attention
emotion/personality
motor inhibition/planning

59
Q

Area 9,46,47 fuction

A

“classic” motor association area
-planning and behavior component of motor fxn
-integrates sensory info with motor planning, organization and regulating
decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher order instruction, rules and self-generated thoughts

60
Q

Lesion of area 10-12

A

apathy, inappropriate social behavior/emotions
perservation (persist on a single topic)
poor focus on a task (need simple, consistent distractions)
“change in personality”

61
Q

Lesion of 9,46,47

A

(contralateral) motor apraxia (decrease purposeful movement)
impaired motor planning
impaired behavioral inhibition
impaired motor inhibition

62
Q

Akinetic Mutism

A

bilateral frontal lobe lesion
conscious alert pt who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so

-damaged pathways inhibit motivation/increase apathy cause passiveness to interact or respond

63
Q

Akinesia

A

lack of movement

64
Q

Mutism

A

lack of speech

65
Q

Perservation

A

persist on single topic

66
Q

Apathy

A

lack of interest, indifference

67
Q

Parietal lobe areas

A

3,1,2
5,7
39,40

68
Q

Area 3,1,2 fxn

A

somatosensory area
fxn: detection of incoming somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
homunculus arrangement

69
Q

Lesion to 3,1,2

A

contralateral somatosensory loss

contralateral “anesthesia”-loss of sensation

70
Q

Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

71
Q

Area 5,7 fxn

A

somatosensory association area

  • interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input
  • abilty to recognize “car keys in my left hand”
72
Q

Area 5,7 lesion

A

somatosensory agnosia, ,asteroagnosia, agraphesthesia

NON DOMINANT hemisphere lesion- anosagnosia (neglect)
may contribute to sensory component of apraxia

73
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of sensory interpretation
loss of ability to recognize object, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells with sensation and memory still intact
agnosia can result in damage to association area of a specific sensory input (visual, auditory, somatosensory)

74
Q

Anosagnosia (neglect)

A

ignorance of the presence of disease
non dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
classic clinical finding in right hemisphere stroke
inability to gain feedback about one’s own condition

75
Q

Asteroagnosia (stereoanesthesia)

A 
tactile amnesia (tactile agnosia)
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
76
Q

Agraphesthesia (cutaneous kinesthesia)

A

difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin (back, palm etc)

77
Q

Area 39, 40 is in the ___ lobe

A

Parietal

78
Q

Area 39,40

Dominant hemisphere fxn

A

somatosensory association area related to language
sometimes referenced as part of posterior Wernicke’s area

Fxn: multimodal junction box of language, mathematics and cognition

  • visual, auditory, somatic sensory gets processed
  • plays role in interpretation of language, math, cognition
  • sends to frontal lobe for “action
79
Q

Lesion to Dominant 39,40

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome
-calculations, right-left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, agraphia

may result in Wernicke’s (sensory) aphasia (see area 22)

80
Q

Non dominant 39,40 fxn

A

interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech “muscial aspects of speech”

81
Q

Lesion to 39,40 Non Dominant

A

Sensory dysprosodia
-difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech “musical aspects” “emotional language”

82
Q

Dyslexia

A

impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in the ability to read (also may impair writing, phonics)
right-left disorientation

83
Q

Agraphia

A

inability to write

graph

84
Q

Acalculia

A

arithmetic deficits

calc

85
Q

Finger agnosia

A

inability to distinguish between fingers

86
Q

Areas of the Temporal lobe

A

41, 42, 22

87
Q

Area 41

fxn

A

primary auditory center

detects sound

88
Q

Area 41 lesion

A

deafness if bilateral damage

89
Q

Area 42

fxn

A

auditory association area

interpret sound, gives it meaning

90
Q

Area 42 lesion

A

auditory agnosia

  • inability to interpret the significance of sound
  • able to hear but can’t distinguish from “sound” or “language”
  • bilateral temporal lobe lesion
91
Q

Area 22

dominant fxan

A

association area for language

fxn: comprehension of language (auditory-spoken word)

92
Q

Area 22

Lesion to dominant

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive, fluent, sensory aphasia)

  • can’t comprehend but can speak
  • sentences spontaneous with constant errors
  • “word salad” speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense
93
Q

Non Dominant area 22 fxn

A

interpretation of normal pitch, rhythm and variations of stress/tone in speech
“musical aspect”
“emotion of language”

94
Q

Lesion to area 22 non dominant

A

sensory dysprosodia:

  • difficulty in speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm, variation of stress/tone in speech
  • inability to comprehend emotion
95
Q

What are other functions of the temporal lobe?

Where is the limbic lobe in relation to the temporal?

A

Temporal + limbic are involved in complex aspects of learning and memory

  • limbic is “deep” to temporal
  • includes visual memory- recognize
96
Q

What temporal lobes play a significant role in creating long-term memory/learning?

What Else to they do?

A

Inferior, medial

transition short term to long term memory

97
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory

98
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

loss of ability to memorize new things after “injury”

99
Q

Retrograde amneisa

A

can’t recall events prior to injury

this sounds like 50 first dates- a “retro” movie?

100
Q

dissociative

A

(fugue state)

psychological trauma, usually temporary

101
Q

Repressed amnesia

A

unable to recall information (often traumatic)

102
Q

Whats your explicit memory?

A

conscious and purposeful recall of previous experiences and information
(dates, facts, times, places)

103
Q

Episodic memory

A

specific recall of the events in a person’s life

evidence to suggest associated with non-dominant hemisphere

104
Q

Semantic memory

A

recall factual knowledge of history/people
recognize people
academic information
evidence to suggest associated with dominant hemisphere

105
Q

Parts of Explicit Memory

A

(declarative memory)

= Episodic + semantic

106
Q

Implicity Memory

A

memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task w/o conscious awareness
truths from non-facts… hear a myth 45x, so it must be true

107
Q

Occipital Lobe Areas

A

17

18,19

108
Q

Area 17

fxn

A

primary visual area

-detects visual input

109
Q

Lesion area 17

A

blindness

110
Q

Area 18,19 fxn

A

visual association area

-interpret or give meaning to visual input

111
Q

Lesion to Area 18,19

A

visual agnosia, prospagnosia, color agnosia, alexia

112
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

inability to recognize and object by sight

113
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing familiar faces

114
Q

Color agnosia

A

inability to recognize colors

115
Q

Alexia

A

inability to understand written/printed words

116
Q

Dominant hemisphere function

A

contralateral motor and somatosensory
interpret and produce language- speech, grammar, syntax, semantics, writing
analysis, logical reasoning, calculations

117
Q

Lesions of Dominant Hemisphere

A

expected loss of motor/somatosensory function
aphasia- difficulty interpreting or producing language (dysphagia)
-receptive, motor or both
unable to calculate, reason, problem solve/analyze

118
Q

Non Dominant hemisphere

functions

A

contralateral motor and somatosensory function
spatial attention
music, drawing, creativity
memory of visual, auditory and physical events

119
Q

Lesion of Non dominant hemisphere

A

Language deficits
disorganization/disorientation to immediate movement or environment
neglect (anosagnosia)

120
Q

Explain the lesion: language deficits

non-dominant hemisphere

A

able to interpret/produce language but unable to interpret or produce intonation, rhythm, timing etc

121
Q

Explain the lesion: disorganization/diorientation

Non-dominant hemisphere

A

unble to recall date, time, place
difficulty following directions
construction apraxia (inabilty to draw objects)
propagnosia (loss of visual or sensory association areas)

122
Q

Explain the lesion: Neglect

non dominant hemisphere

A

often called “left sided neglect”

technically anodagnosia =patient unaware of the condition

Pathophys 2 Exam 3 (2 decks)

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