Module 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is deterministic?
Obeys physical laws. Nothing is random
What is predictive?
If you do this… Then that will happen
What is parsimonious?
Uses the simplest explanation possible.
Why do we need experienced ears?
It is the ultimate test of: does this sound right? No instrument can replace the experienced SLP, but there are tools to help us.
Why do we use technology?
To overcome listener bias and receive a consistent, reliable measurement. Severity is described objectively, and progress is tracked over time. EBP! Provides biofeedback to client.
What do we need to do with the numbers we receive from technology?
Understand the data, and examine both quantitively and qualitatively. We have to interpret the data, because without that, numbers may be meaningless.
Why do we need to understand technology?
SLP needs to know normal and disordered physiology. MUST know what numbers represent and provide expert interpretation.
What are the three key arenas?
Acoustic phonetics
Physiologic phonetics: kinematics, aerodynamics, electromyography
Speech perception
What is frequency? What is it measured in? What are the simplest sounds? What are they if not that?
How frequently a waveform repeats. Hertz. Pure tones/sine waves are the simplest sound, with complex tones coming from blended sine waves with a fundamental frequency.
What is pitch? How do we measure it?
The psychological aspect of frequency. Can’t be measured with instruments, we match perceived pitch to that of a pure tone of natural frequency.
What is a frequency difference limen? (DL). When do they increase? At what frequency must they differ more to be heard as different in pitch?
The smallest detectable change in frequency. Increase as stimulus frequency increases, and also when intensity decreases. Higher frequency sounds must differ more to notice a difference.
What occurs most often in everyday life? Complex or pure tones?
Complex, pure are rare.
How many frequencies do complex tones have?
Many!
What are periodic sounds? What happens if a sound is not periodic?
A harmonic series, with harmonics being integer multiples of fundamental. Sound is more jarring/Makes large difference in quality.
As fundamental frequency goes up, so do ___
Harmonics
What is the missing fundamental? What is it aka? Example in life?
When a harmonic series is missing the fundamental frequency. Ex: 200, 300, 400, 500… But missing 100. Auditory system fills in gaps. AKA residue pitch. An example is cheap audio equipment!
What is an octave?
Doubling or halving the frequency- ex: 400 hz base going to 800 an octave up or 200 down.
What does dissonant mean?
No clean, mathematical relationship.
What is a semitones? Are they equal in step size?
Nonlinear step by 5.9% higher frequency each time. There are 12 semitones in one octave. No they are not equal in step size, but they SOUND equal.
What is intensity? What is it measured in? What are the different intensity measurements?
The amplitude of size of a sound AKA volume. Measured in dB with a logarithmic scale. Measure SPL Sound pressure level, and IL intensity level. Measure with a sound level meter.
What is the scale for dB for human hearing?
1 to 1 trillion in scale
What is loudness? How can we connect this on a scale?
Perceptual characteristic of sound. No correct value, cannot be measured by equipment. We can connect this with a psychophysical scale by combining amplitude with human perception.
What is recruitment?
Abnormal growth in loudness. Uncomfortable for people with unhealthy hearing.
What is the effect of frequency on loudness? What is the lowest threshold for human hearing?
Hearing is sensitive at some frequencies. Lowest threshold is 1000 to 5000 hertz for humans.
