Module 1

Question 1

Can microorganisms be seen without aid of a microscope?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

How big are microorganisms?

Answer 2

Smaller than 0.1mm

Question 3

What are microorganisms?

Answer 3

Simple, unicellular organisms

Question 4

What are some other names for microorganisms?

Answer 4

Bugs, germs, microbes

Question 5

What are the 4 groups of microorganisms in order from largest to smallest?

Answer 5

1) Protozoa
2) Fungi
3) Bacteria
4) Viruses

Question 6

What are protozoa?

Answer 6

Unicellular animals that move with flagella or ameboid motion, they each have a nucleus and plasma membrane.

Question 7

Where do protozoa live and what do they feed on?

Answer 7

Live in soil and water

Feed on bacteria and small particles

Question 8

What is an example of a protozoa?

Answer 8

Giardia - causes “bever fever” which leads to diarrhea

Question 9

What is fungi?

Answer 9

Non-photosynthetic plants

Question 10

What make up a fungi cell?

Answer 10

Nucleus and rigid wall.

Question 11

How are fungi divided?

Answer 11

Yeast and mold

Question 12

What is yeast?

Answer 12

Type of fungi that is unicellular

Question 13

What is mold?

Answer 13

Type of fungi that is multicellular that starts out as a tube structure that produces spores that appear grey blue, green or black.

Question 14

What is an example of a fungi?

Answer 14

Candida - causes oral yeast infections, yeast vaginitis, skin infections, yeast diarrhea following antibiotic therapy.

Question 15

What is bacteria?

Answer 15

unicellular organisms lacking an organized nucleus surrounded by a rigid wall.

Question 16

What type of microorganism is “ubiquitous” and what does this mean?

Answer 16

Bacteria

Found everywhere there is moisture and nutrients.

Question 17

What is an example of bacteria?

Answer 17

Streptococcus - causes strep throat
Staphylococcus - causes staph infection (boils)
Salmonella - food poisoning

Question 18

What are viruses?

Answer 18

The smallest microorganism, they rely on a living host such as an animal, plant or bacteria to replicate.

Question 19

What does a virus cell consist of?

Answer 19

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipid coat.

Question 20

What is an example of a virus?

Answer 20

Influenza, hepatitis, rabies, AIDS

Question 21

How are microorganisms measured?

Answer 21

Micrometer = 1/1000 mm

Question 22

What are round bacteria?

Answer 22

Cocci (coccus)

Question 23

What are rectangular bacteria called?

Answer 23

Rods/baccii

bacillus

Question 24

What are spiral/curved bacteria called?

Answer 24

spirillum

Question 25

What is Gram?

Answer 25

Staining bacteria to: identify type (by shape and colour of gram) determine effectiveness of antibiotics determine effectiveness of disinfectants

Question 26

What colour is gram positive?

Answer 26

Dark blue

Question 27

What colour is gram negative?

Answer 27

Red

Question 28

What are the three types of bacteria?

Answer 28

Cocci Rods/bacilli Spirilla

Question 29

What are endospores?

Answer 29

Gram postitive bacertia (rods) that are able to produce a spore within the cell under adverse conditions (dry, cold, no nutrients).

Question 30

What are vegetative cells?

Answer 30

Bacterial cells that do not contain endospores or have not yet begun to grow them.

Question 31

What is sporulation?

Answer 31

Takes place in an endospore when certain nutrients are depleted, genetic material is enclosed in compact layers of spore coat and may lie dormant for days/months/years.

Question 32

Describe the cycle of an endospore's life?

Answer 32

Vegetative cell --> (adverse conditions) --> Endospore --> free spore --> + H20 and food --> germination --> vegetative

Question 33

What are some examples of endospores?

Answer 33

Anthrax, gangrene, tetanus

Question 34

What are endospores resistant to?

Answer 34

Heat, disinfectants, cold, ultraviolet light, acids, alkalis, detergents.

Question 35

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 35

Binary fission. | Cell elongates, genetic material replicates and moves to separate ends, cell divides.

Question 36

What is generation time?

Answer 36

Time it takes for binary fission to occur (doubling of population), related to the time it takes to cause disease.

Question 37

What is the generation time of a standard bacteria?

Answer 37

15-30 mins

Question 38

What is a colony?

Answer 38

A visible mass of bacteria on a culture media, shows all the descendants of a single bacterial cell (clone).

Question 39

What are the 4 stages of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 39

1) Lag - Adapting to new environment 2) Log - Max reproduction 3) Stationary - no change in #, less food, more waste 4) Death - spores may form

Question 40

What is the incubation period in bacteria growth?

Answer 40

Period of time after an introduction of a microorganism to a host, no disease symptoms and is connected to the lag cycle.

Question 41

What is the acute period in bacteria growth?

Answer 41

Onset of symptoms, connected to the log cycle.

Question 42

What is the stationary stage of bacteria growth?

Answer 42

Symptoms are no worse but no sign of recovery

Question 43

What is the convalescent period of bacteria growth?

Answer 43

Symptoms subside, connected to the death phase.

Question 44

What are type of virus is easier to kill with disinfectant?

Answer 44

Lipid viruses (except for Hepatitis B)

Question 45

What are influenza A?

Answer 45

Viruses responsible for pandemic outbreaks (H1N1, spanish Flu, Swine flu) high death rate.

Question 46

What are influenza B?

Answer 46

Viruses that cause local outbreaks

Question 47

What are colds caused by?

Answer 47

Rhinoviruses

Question 48

Describe the multiplication of a virus

Answer 48

1. Attachment to host 2. Penetration 3. Viral Replication 4. Viral Assembly (Nucleic acid, protein coat) 5. Release from host

Question 49

What are oncogenic viruses?

Answer 49

Viruses that transform cells into tumour cells

Question 50

How do viruses effect the host cell?

Answer 50

Usually kill it - lysis - diversion of metabolic pathways - destroyed by host's lymphocytes

Question 51

How do antibiotics effect viral replication?

Answer 51

No effect because antibiotics are directed against metabolic pathways of bacteria and viruses don't have any of their own.

Question 52

What are some anti-viral drugs?

Answer 52

Acyclovir (genital herpes) Zidovudine ( AIDS) Immunization

Question 53

What is a problem in developing antiviral drugs?

Answer 53

It has to kill the virus but not the host cell.