Module 1 Flashcards
What are the six levels of organisation?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal
What are the eleven body systems?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, nervous, reproductive, urinary
What are the main parts of integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, hypodermis and special sense organs
What system are mammary glands part of?
Both reproductive and integumentary
Where is Vit D produced?
Epidermis of the skin
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Fat storage and attaches skin to deeper layers
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Movement, produces heat, supports skeleton, posture and controls entrances/exits of various systems
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports and protects body, provides SA for skeletal muscle to attach, stores minerals, red BM produces RBCs and yellow BM stores fat
What does the pineal gland do?
Regulates day night body rhythms
What does the pituitary gland do?
Ant produces TSH (thyroid), GH (bones and muscle), FSH and LH (gonads), ACTH (adrenal cortex) and prolactin (mammary glands). Post produces ADH (kidneys) and oxytocin (SM in uterus)
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin: hormone produced by kidneys that signals red BM to produce more RBCs
What happens when too much GH is secreted?
Liver produces to much insulin like GH and in kids this means gigantism and in adults this causes acromegaly
What does the spleen do?
Recycles RBCs, acts like a large lymph node, moniters circulation of blood cells and produces immune response
What are tight junctions?
Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins (occludins and claudins) that fuse outer surface of adjacent membranes together
What are the functions of tight junctions?
Electrically tight: prevents movement of ions and proteins through them, allows for different polarities at different ends of cell which allows for different activities. Also acts as selective barrier
What are adherens junctions?
Contain plaque (dense layer of protein) that contains microfilaments and cadherins. Cadherins span the gap between cells and bind to cadherin of adjacent cell. Cadherins are bound to actin by catenins. Conjugation of adherens junctions may form a adhesion belt
What are desmosomes?
Contains plaque with intermediate filaments and cadherins. Cadherins span the gap and bind to cadherins of adjacent cell. Cadherins are bound to keratin which spans from one desmosome to desmosome on other side of cell (for structual integrity)
What are hemidesmosomes?
Anchor epithelia to basement membrane. Integrin transmembrane glycoprotein is attached to intermediate filaments in basal side of epithelia and laminin in basal lamina
What are gap junctions?
6 connexin proteins molecules form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect cells. Membranes not fused so there is a gap between cells that allows for small molecules (less than 1kDa) through. Some substances can migrate between cells via connexons and they allow for communication between cells via both electrical and chemical communication
What are the three layers of epithelial cells?
Apical on top, lateral on sides and basal on bottom
What are the 2 parts of basement membrane?
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
Supports overlying epithelium, provides surface for ep cells to migrate during growth and healing, restrict passage of large molecules between ep and CT, filtration in kidneys and acts as barrier to malignant melanoma
Where is simple squamous tissue located?
Endothelium of blood vessels, heart and lymph vessels, mesothelium of serous membranes, bowmann’s capsule, alveoli of lungs and eardrums & inside eye
Where is simple cuboidal tissue located?
Surface of ovaries, anterior surface of eye lens, pigmented posterior surface of retina, lines kidney tubules, ducts of glands, secreting portion of thyroid and pancreas
