module 1

Question 1

study of structure( morphology) ex. structures of the heart, layers of skin, where digestive organs are located

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

study of function. how does it work? why does it work? ex. how muscles contract or how nerve impulses are sent and received

Answer 2

physiology

Question 3

smallest to largest levels of complexity

Answer 3

atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Question 4

largest to smallest levels of complexity

Answer 4

organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells, oraganelles, molecules , arom

Question 5

___are the fundamental units of matter, or the most basic building block in the human body. An
example of an atom would be Carbon or Hydrogen.

Answer 5

atom

Question 6

two or more atoms placed together( ex. DNA)

Answer 6

molecule

Question 7

structures within a cell that carry out metabolic functions.

Answer 7

organelles

Question 8

first living level of the hierarchy! ____ carry out all functions of life.

Answer 8

cells

Question 9

specialized cells that carry out a specific function

Answer 9

tissues

Question 10

collection of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a function/ have
definite boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from one another

Answer 10

organs

Question 11

collection of organs with unique function

Answer 11

organ systems

Question 12

single complete individual

Answer 12

organism

Question 13

maintenance of a stable, internal environment regardless of changes in the external
environment.

Answer 13

homeostasis

Question 14

anything that moves us away
from homeostasis. These can be physical or chemical. For instance, a sudden drop in air temperature or
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable, internal environment regardless of changes in the external
environment.

Answer 14

a stressor

Question 15

The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis. counteracts change. OPPOSE FOR STABLE ENVIRON.(ex. thermostat, blood sugar, hydration levels)

Answer 15

negative feedback

Question 16

3 components of feedback loop

Answer 16

the receptor, integrating center, the effector

Question 17

component of feedback loop that deals with sensing and detecting change in the body

Answer 17

the receptor

Question 18

component of feedback loop that takes in perceived info and decides what needs to be done with it

Answer 18

integrating center

Question 19

component of feedback loop that is the cell or organ that responds and acts to counteract the change

Answer 19

the effector

Question 20

amplifies change and does so rather rapidly(ex. child birth and fever)

Answer 20

positive feedback

Question 21

plane that passes vertically through the body and splits it in right and left halves

Answer 21

saggital plane

Question 22

setpoint for body temperature is ___ degrees

Answer 22

98.6

Question 23

___ equilibrium is our body does fluctuate but on avg it gives us that set point

Answer 23

dynamic

Question 24

plane perpendicular to the saggital plane and devides body into anterior and posterior portions

Answer 24

frontal plane

Question 25

plane that passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis, into superior and inferior portions

Answer 25

transverse plane

Question 26

anything that takes up space

Answer 26

matter

Question 27

study of smallest forms of matters, specifically atoms and molecules

Answer 27

chemistry

Question 28

smallest units of matter

Answer 28

atoms

Question 29

simplest form of mtter to have unique chemical properties, identified by atomic number

Answer 29

elements

Question 30

positive charge, 1 atomic mass unit, atomic #, found at the center of the atom

Answer 30

proton

Question 31

clustered in nucleus of atom, 1 neutral charge, 1 amu, a dot

Answer 31

neutron

Question 32

negative charge, orbits nucleus, zero charge , considered to have no mass

Answer 32

electron

Question 33

atoms start out being ___

Answer 33

neutral

Question 34

atoms prefer to be ___

Answer 34

stable

Question 35

what characteristic makes an atom become stable?

Answer 35

max number of valence electrons in outermost shell

Question 36

energy level one can only hold a max of _ electrongs and second through seventh can hold max of _ electrons

Answer 36

2; 8

Question 37

what determines the chemical bonding propetries of an atom?

Answer 37

electrons of outermost shell

Question 38

if the atom has an equal number of protons and neutrons it is ____

Answer 38

neutral

Question 39

when atom has maximum about of valence electron it is _____

Answer 39

stable

Question 40

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Answer 40

ion

Question 41

particle that gains electrons and acquires negative charge

Answer 41

anion

Question 42

particle that loses electrons and acquires positive charge, with always a plus in its name

Answer 42

cation

Question 43

Molecules of 2 or more elements are called _____

Answer 43

compounds

Question 44

chemical bond that has relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation. Easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves. TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS; opposite charge attraction

Answer 44

ionic bond

Question 45

bond that shares one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei. SHARING of electrons ---STRONGEST OF BONDS

Answer 45

covalent bond

Question 46

bond that has weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule. Important in the 3 dimensional folding and coiling of large molecules. Eaily disrupted by temperature and ph changes. Nitrogen ions

Answer 46

hydrogen bond

Question 47

substances that ionize in water(acids, bases, salts)and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

Answer 47

electrolyte

Question 48

consists of particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance(usually water) called the solvent

Answer 48

solutions

Question 49

transparent solution examples are oxygen, sodium chloride, and _____ in water

Answer 49

alcohol

Question 50

under 1 nanometer. Does not separate from the solvent when the solution is allowed to stand.used to describe any substance that is placed into a liquid to be mixed. ex. hot cocoa

Answer 50

solutes

Question 51

if we add up the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom, we can determine the atom’s ____ ____

Answer 51

atomic mass

Question 52

the liquid in which the solute is being placed (the milk | or water in the previous examples).

Answer 52

solvent

Question 53

refers to the mixed combination of solute and | solvent (hot chocolate or salt water).

Answer 53

solution

Question 54

_____ is a molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed into water. Because the molecule separates into ions, _____ can often help generate and play a role in electrical signals within the body. Electrolytes are essential for nerve and muscle functions. The most common ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine ions.

Answer 54

electrolytes

Question 55

the two types of electrolytes

Answer 55

acids and bases

Question 56

___ are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions when placed into water. They are called “Hydrogen Donors” since they add hydrogens to the fluid. An example is HCl. they increase amount of free hydrogen ions in the fluid

Answer 56

acids

Question 57

___ are electrolytes that accept hydrogen ions when placed in water. decrease hydrogen ions in the fluid

Answer 57

bases

Question 58

the ph scale goes from 0-14. the more hydrogen ions there are present the (lower?/higher?)____ the actual ph is

Answer 58

lower

Question 59

ph values from 0-7 are considered to be in the ___ range and the closer to 0 the more ___ the fluid is

Answer 59

acid; acidic

Question 60

ph values from 7-14 are ____ range and closer to 14 is the more ____ the fluid is

Answer 60

basic alkaline; basic

Question 61

ph of 7 is considered to be

Answer 61

neutral

Question 62

molecules have a significant amount of carbon atoms within the molecules, meaning that one or more carbon atoms are central to the formation of that molecule. (ex.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and ATP.)

Answer 62

organic

Question 63

____molecules do not contain | carbon.

Answer 63

inorgnanic

Question 64

one of the most important organic molecule is ______. commonly known as sugars and starches

Answer 64

carbohydrate

Question 65

_____ is a carbon ring made of 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygens.

Answer 65

basic structure of carb

Question 66

are a single ring and the simplest form of a carbohydrate.

Answer 66

monosaccharides

Question 67

three of the most common monosaccharides are ___,___,and gluctose.

Answer 67

fructose, galactose

Question 68

is similar to glucose, it varies only in the location of one OH group. Although it is similar to glucose, it is not easily used by our bodies but can be easily converted to glucose.

Answer 68

galactose

Question 69

the third important monosaccharide. It is the sugar found in fruit and honey. It, too, gets converted into glucose in our bodies and then used to make energy.

Answer 69

fructode

Question 70

sucrose,lactose, and maltose are _____. used primarily for energy

Answer 70

disaccharides

Question 71

a polysaccharide made of sugars but used by plants for strength, support, and structure. We do not have the enzymes to digest cellulose, so we consume it as dietary fiber (roughage), which is beneficial for colon health.

Answer 71

cellulose (polysaccharide)

Question 72

____ are polysaccharides used by plants for the storage of sugars for energy at a later time. When we consume them, we are able to digest them into single monosaccharides and obtain all of the energy they contain.

Answer 72

starches

Question 73

a long chain of glucose molecules used by animals to store excess glucose and energy for later. We primarily find glycogen in our liver and muscles.

Answer 73

glycogen

Question 74

are also composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but proportionately they contain many more carbon and hydrogen atoms than they do oxygen atoms. Often, the carbon atoms occur in linear chains surrounded by mostly hydrogen atoms.

Answer 74

lipids (organic compound)

Question 75

lipids are hydro____ so not compatible with water

Answer 75

hydrophobic

Question 76

___ ___ is an important lipid that are linear chains of at least 4 carbon atoms with acid group on one end COOH . carbon atoms are binded to hydrogen atoms and said to be unsaturated if at least 2 of the carbon have potential to bond with more H but are not, and choose to form double bond with each other

Answer 76

fatty acid

Question 77

__ ___can be used in body for energy or to assemble more complex lipids

Answer 77

fatty acids

Question 78

____ are large molecules composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. effective way to store fatty acids for energy use when needed like temp fluctuations and cushioning from trauma

Answer 78

triglycerides (lipid)

Question 79

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids are all ___

Answer 79

lipids

Question 80

two fatty acids attached to a | phosphate molecule.

Answer 80

phospholipid

Question 81

phospholipid creates molecule with both a HYDROPHOBIC fatty acid tails and a ____ phosphatehead known as amphiphilic

Answer 81

hydrophillic

Question 82

consist of four rings of carbon atoms bonded together. They are still, however, heavily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms and very few oxygen atoms, and they are hydrophobic. Cholesterol is an example

Answer 82

steroids

Question 83

is also used to make other kinds of steroids, which are frequently used as hormones. These are chemical messengers produced by one cell to circulate and communicate with a other cells in the body.

Answer 83

cholesterol

Question 84

require atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These atoms (along with atoms of other elements at times) must first come together to form smaller molecules called amino acids(at least 50). wide variety of functions in the body

Answer 84

proteins

Question 85

___ ___ is the smallest protein-related molecule. There are 20 different ____ ____ needed to make all of the proteins in the human body. Nine of these are considered essential; that is, we must obtain them in our diet. The other eleven can be produced within our bodies.

Answer 85

amino acids

Question 86

this protein provides toughness to skin cells

Answer 86

keratin

Question 87

this protein provides toughness and flexbility to many areas of the body

Answer 87

collagen

Question 88

can be found on the | surfaces of cells, where they receive specific molecules and trigger the cell to respond accordingly

Answer 88

receptors

Question 89

proteins that provide the role of catalysis (speed up reactions) are called __

Answer 89

enzymes

Question 90

___are proteins that help with protection by circulating in the blood and attaching to foreign material, alerting the body to their presence.

Answer 90

antibodies

Question 91

proteins play a role in the | generation of movement within muscles, such as ____ and ___

Answer 91

actin and myosin

Question 92

____ ____comes in several forms, all of which help to interpret the information found along the DNA molecule

Answer 92

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 93

primary molecule used by the body to store energy released from the breakdown of carbohydrates and other compounds. It consists of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached to it. Most of the energy is stored between the second and third phosphates

Answer 93

ATP adenosibe triphosphate