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ANAT100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the human body organized from small to large?

A 
Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
Cellular level 
Tissue level 
Organ level
Organ system level (e.g. CNS)
Organism level (e.g. human)
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2
Q

What are cells?

A

Smallest living structures and are formed from atoms and molecules.

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3
Q

What are tissues?

A

Similar cells that perform specialized functions.

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4
Q

What are organs?

A

Two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions.

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.

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6
Q

What are the two main divisions of the body?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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7
Q

What does the axial division of the body include?

A

Head, neck and trunk.

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8
Q

What does the appendicular division of the body include?

A

Limbs and appendages.

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9
Q

What are the organ systems of the body?

A 
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Reproductive system 
Muscular system 
Nervous system 
Endocrine system
Digestive system 
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system 
Lymphatic system 
Urinary system
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10
Q

What is the integumentary system made up of?

A

Hair, skin, and nails.

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11
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

Bones and joints.

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12
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

Brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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13
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that produce and secrete hormones.

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14
Q

What is the respiratory system made up of?

A

Nose, air passageways and lungs.

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15
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

Blood, blood vessels, and heart.

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

Lymphatic vessels, cells and structures of the innate immune response.

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17
Q

What is the urinary system made up of?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

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18
Q

What are the three types of body cavities?

A

Thoracic
Abdomino-pelvic
Cranial

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19
Q

What does the thoracic cavity consist of?

A

Superior Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial

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20
Q

What does the abdomino-pelvic cavity consist of?

A

Abdominal digestive viscera
Pelvic urinary bladder
Reproductive organs

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21
Q

What does the cranial cavity consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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22
Q

What organs are in the superior mediastinum?

A

Esophagus and trachea.

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23
Q

What are the two main categories of body cavities?

A

Ventral and dorsal.
Ventral contains thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities.
Dorsal contains the cranial cavity.

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24
Q

In relation to the ear, the nose is what?

A

Ventral

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25
In relation to the nose, the ear is what?
Dorsal
26
In relation to the elbow, the shoulder is what?
Proximal
27
In relation to the elbow, the hand is what?
Distal
28
In relation the bellybutton, the nose is what?
Superior
29
In relation to the bellybutton, the feet are what?
Inferior
30
In relation to the basal lamina, the outer layer of the skin is what?
Superifical
31
In relation to the outer layer of the skin, the basal lamina is what?
Deep
32
In relation to the elbow, the bellybutton is what?
Medial
33
In relation to the bellybutton, the elbow is what?
Lateral
34
What does parietal refer to?
Body walls | e.g. muscles and connective tissue
35
What does visceral refer to?
The lining of the outer surface of organs that are located within cavities.
36
What are the anatomical planes?
Sagittal, coronal, horizontal (transverse), oblique
37
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle
38
What are the two types of epithelium?
1. Covering - covers external surfaces | 2. Glandular - produce/secretes product e.g. hormones
39
What is the epithelium composed of?
Apposed (side by side cells) | There is little intraceullar substance.
40
What are the five characteristics of the epithelium?
1. Cellularity - epithelial cells are joined by junctions 2. Polarity - apical (exposed side), basal 3. Attachment - epithelial cells separated from underlying tissue by basal lamina 4. Avascular 5. Regeneration
41
What are the functions of the epithelium?
1. Support and protection 2. Permeability 3. Sensation 4. Secretion
42
A layer of single cells that make up the epithelium are classified as?
Simple
43
Multiple layers of cells that make up the epithelium are classified as?
Stratified
44
What are the types of cell shapes found in the epithelium?
Squamous - flat, wide and irregular in shape Cuboidal - Same size on all sides, nucleus in the centre Columnar - Taller than wide, nucleus = oval and located in basal region of the cell
45
How are epithelial tissues named?
Cell organization followed by cell shape e.g. Simple squamous
46
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Lining of the blood vessels | Thin barrier allows material to travel short distance
47
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Lining of some glands | E.g. kidney tubules
48
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
GI | Allows for rapid absorption/secretion
49
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Superficial layer skin
50
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Ducts of glands e.g. sweat glands | Function in secretion, protection and strengthening
51
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
Rare - in male urethra | Functions in protection and secretion
52
What are other types of epithelium?
Transitional & Pseudostratified
53
What is transitional epithelium?
Multiple layers epithelial cells that allow for stretching Found in bladder *Characterized by dome shaped cells*
54
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
Single layer of cells that looks like multiple due to organization of the nucleus Has cilia on outer surface Found in respiratory tract
55
Which tissue is the most diverse and abundant throughout the body?
Connective tissue | Ranges in consistency
56
What are the functions of connective tissue?
1. Support and protection 2. Structural framework 3. Metabolic/nutrient exchange 4. Storage and repair 5. Defense
57
What 3 things make up connective tissues?
1. Cells 2. Fibres 3. Ground substance
58
What are the cells of connective tissue?
1. Mesenchymal 2. Fibroblasts (permanent) 3. Macrophage 4. Adipocyte
59
What are the fibres of connective tissue?
3 types secreted by fibroblasts 1. Collagen 2. Reticular 3. Elastic
60
What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?
Most common Flexible High tensile strength - similar to rope
61
What are the characteristics of reticular fibres?
Thin | Form interwoven network with no common alignment
62
What are the characteristics of elastic fibres?
Thin & braided Wavy or curly Rubber-like material and stretch
63
What is ground substance?
Fills space between cells
64
What are the characteristics of ground substance?
High water content, transparent, colourless, viscous
65
What are the three types of connective tissue?
1. Connective tissue proper - loose & dense 2. Supporting connective tissue - bone & cartilage 3. Specialized fluid - blood & lymph
66
What are the characteristics of loose CT?
More ground substance, few fibres | E.g. Adipose
67
What are the characteristics of dense CT?
Less ground substance, more fibres | e.g. tendons & ligaments
68
What are the characteristics of lymph?
Interstitial fluid collected into lymphatic vesicles
69
What are the characteristics of blood?
Fluid = ground substance Cells = RBC, WBC, platelets Protein fibres - not visible but help with clotting
70
What is the main unit of bone?
Osteon
71
What are symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
Looseness in tissue b/c lack of collagen - Loose skin w/ high elasticity - Fragile skin - Flexible joints
72
What are the components of cartilage?
1. Cells - mostly chondrocytes 2. Fibres - collagen/elastic 3. Ground substance 4. Perichondrium 5. Lacunae
73
What is the perichondrium?
Dense, irregular tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients *Necessary b/c cartilage is avascular*
74
What are lacunae?
Small spaces that house chondrocytes
75
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
76
What are the anatomical characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
Wear-resistant Bear/distribute weight Strong/rubbery/flexible Most common
77
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Joint surface of movable joints | Wall of nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs
78
What are the anatomical characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Tough and inflexible | Durable/resistant to compression
79
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Intervertebral discs | Symphysis pubis
80
What are the anatomical characteristics of elastic cartilage?
More flexible than hyaline
81
Where is elastic cartilage located?
External ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis
82
What are the functions of bone?
``` Support Locomotion Protection Blood cell production Mineral metabolism ```
83
What is the composition of bone?
``` 1/3 organic - Cells - Fibres - Ground substance 2/3 Inorganic - Minerals - Salts ```
84
What is the function of the inorganic material?
Provide rigidity to bone | Mainly calcium phosphate
85
What is the structural unit of bone composed of?
Central haversion canal - contains blood vessels and nerves Concentric rings Bone cells

ANAT100 (2 decks)

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