Module 1 Flashcards by kylee lloyd

abnormal function or a change in normal structure
can involve any body part, structure and/or system
example ; lung disease

Disease

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-interference or disruption of normal function
-can involve any body structure
EX: nutritional disorder

Disorder

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-sickness or an abnormal process leading to impaired or diminished function
EX: terminal illness

Illness

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The terms are very closely related, all refer to a state of sickness, and are often used interchangeably

Disease, disorder, illness

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Group of signs, symptoms, laboratory findings, test results, and functional disturbances that, when occurring together, point to a specific condition

Syndrome

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Pain, burning, tingling, and numbness of the hand and wrist, and a positive Phalen’s test are indications of

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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Defined as an objective finding or manifestation that is apparent to the examiner and which can be observed or measured

EX: fever, vomiting, rash

Sign

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The recognition and naming of a medical condition is called

Diagnosis

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The act of touching ones senses to look, carefully watch, attentively listen to the patient, and touch his skin

Observation

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The act of using a stethoscope to listen for sounds within the body, to assess the condition of various body parts

Ausculation

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The act of tapping the body with fingertips or a fist to create sounds, to assess the size, consistency and border edges of some internal organs, and or to evaluate the amount of fluid in a body cavity

Percussion

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The act of applying pressure with the hands to feel the location, size, texture, and consistency of body parts and abnormalities

Palpatation

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Refers to a plan of care that is put in place to manage a medical condition

Treatment

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treatment focuses on pre-disease testing to help prevent the development of serious illness

EX: blood pressure screening, routine fecal testing for colon cancer

Preventive

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treatment manages symptoms associated with an illness, but it does not cure the illness - pain management is often the most common focus of ________ treatment

palliative

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the prediction and estimation of a probably outcome and the chance for recovery is called

prognosis

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prognosis might be altered if the patient develops a

complication

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when prediction a prognosis, the healthcare practitioner considers two other evidence-based factors

survival rate & mortality rate

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survival rate is

the percentage of people with the same illness, who live for a set period of time

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mortality rate

conditions that are fatal (lead to death)

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pathology

the science and study of diseases

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an agent or a microorganism that causes illness or disease
all organisms have the ability and potential to cause illness or disease (ie. viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoans)

pathogen

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the study of origins, sources, and factors that cause a medical condition is called

etiology

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there is no known cause for the condition

idiopathic

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a secondary condition that is caused by a prescribed medical treatment (ie. skin burns, secondary to radiation therapy)

iatrogenic

the condition is. acquired while in a healthcare setting (ie. a post-operative wound infection)

nosocomial

the condition is secondary to a pre-existing disease (ie. bone fracture that is secondary to osteoporosis or bone cancer)

pathologic

an acute illness

generally has a sudden onset and is of short duration

chronic illness

condition that lasts for an extended period and/or a condition in which symptoms and the healing process are long-term and prolonged some chronic illness can last a lifetime

a healthcare provider who specializes in the study of disease - trained to examine cells, tissues, and various body specimens

pathologists

examines body fluids for evidence of microorganisms

microbiologist

analyzes blood for evidence of disease

hematologist

studies and examines antigens and antibodies

immunologist

inspects and analyzes tissues and biopsies obtained during surgery, for evidence of disease

surgical pathologist

examines the body post-mortem to establish a cause of death and to provide evidence of criminal involvement if required

coroner

suturing the laceration is an example of

a treatment

an example of a non-modifiable risk factor is

heredity

when hand-washing, hand should be wet before applying soap T/F?

TRUE

the specialist who examines antigens and antibodies is

an immunologist

the lessening or resolution of symptoms is called exacerbation

false

a syndrome is a

a group of sign and symptoms

viruses and bacteria are examples of

pathogens

hands must be washed

before donning, and after removing gloves

symptoms are subjective findings T/F?

true

the statement "you will feel better in a week" is

a prognosis

physical injury secondary to external forces such as violent or disruptive actions is labelled

trauma

a dynamic screening of the patients' emergent needs to maximize the wellness and survival of patients

triage

the body's immune response to irritation or injury is called

inflammation

congenital abnormalities

may not be compatible with life

the term used for cell growth that differs in size, shape and appearance is

dysplasia

all neoplasms are malignant T/F?

false

cold, black, shriveled necrotic tissue is

dry gangrene

antibodies are foreign antigens

false

skin inflammation is characterized by

redness, warmth, swelling and pain

anoxia is defined as

the absence of oxygen

the decrease in the size of cells is called

atrophy

ischemia is caused by a temporary drop in cell and itssue oxygenation T/F?

true

the most common effect of immunodeficiency is

the recurrence of infections

often follows crush injuries, burns, frostbite, and persistent and prolonged pressure to an area marked by wet drainage from the area, rapid decomposition, and a very foul odour can quickly spread to surrounding tissue, and carries a significant risk of infection

WET gangrene

insidious, develops gradually, and occurs when blood flow has been sluggish for a long period before the occurrence of necrosis most often affects the diabetic patient's extremities (ie.feet and toes), and is characterized by cold, shrivdeled black tissue that dries and falls off

DRY gangrene

develops in infected soft tissue after injury or surgery this type of _____ is caused by bacterium symptoms include acute pain, swelling and tenderness of the area, and fever

GAS gangrene

the conversion of a normal cell into a different type of cell, in response to chronic injury is defined as

metaplasia

an alteration in cell growth that causes cells to differ in size, shape and appearance is called

dysplasia

refers to the development of new types of cells with uncontrolled growth patterns these cells may be benign or malignant

neoplasia

temporary deficiency is prolonged or becomes permanent, cell death will ensue - cell death is called

necrosis

when cells in the tissue/organ are necrotic, the tissue/organ becomes necrotic and is called an

infarct | infarcts are permanent and cannot be reversed

refers to the absence of oxygen

anoxia

diminished oxygen is called

hypoxia

shrinkage in the size of the cell is called

atrophy

increase in the size of the cell is called

hypertrophy

increase in the number of cells

hyperplasia

hypersensitive reaction to a common substance that is usually harmless in patients with intact immune systems

allergies

refers to an abnormal condition that occurs when the body attacks itself by reacting against normal components of its own tissues the body misidentifies its own harmless antigens and as such, antibodies are formed to attack these normal, intrinsic, harmless antigens

autoimmunity

refers to the body's decreased ability to effectively respond to pathogens and infection this is due to a compromise and/or reduction in the number of white blood cells and other disease fighting cells in the body

immunodeficiency

a new formation of abnormal cells that grow at the expense of healthy cells and itssues

neoplasm

growth is limited and non-recurrent, it is no n-cancerous and is not life-threatening

benign

invasive tumour that grows uncontrollably with finger-like projections, can metastasize (spread) to surrounding tissue, is harmful and can lead to death

malignant

a malignant tumour is called

cancer

a condition that results from insufficient intake of food, or an inadequate intake of foods with nutritive value

undernutrition

patients who are vitamin-deficient are diagnosed with

hypovitaminosis

those who consume excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins for an extended period of time may be diagnosed with

hypervitaminosis

new growth of cells

neoplasm

what are the two basic methods used in the early classifications of neoplasms?

1. appearance and growth pattern | 2. tissue of origin

the term ____ refers to an invasive growth with the potential for metastasis (spread)

malignant

malignant neoplasms are generally called _____ and are usually managed with surgical intervention, chemotherapy and/or radiation

cancer

bone, muscle, cartilage, fat

connective tissue

skin, glands, and the lining of vessels and body cavities

epithelial tissue

lung, pancreas, brain, bladder

blood and lymphatic sites, and various structures and organ tissues

benign tumours generally use terms that end with the suffix

-oma

malignant tumours are identified with the suffix

-sarcomoa OR -carcinoma

benign bone tumour

osteOMA

malignant bone tumour

osteoSARCOMA

benign muscle tumour

myOMA

malignant muscle tumour

myoSARCOMA

benign cartilage tumour

chondrOMA

malignant cartilage tumour

chondroSARCOMA

benign adipose tissue (fat) tumour

lipOMA

malignant adipose tissue (fat) tumour

lipoSARCOMA

benign gland tumour

adenOMA

malignant gland tumour

adenoCARCINOMA

sarcomas are

malignant tumours that originate in connective tissue (bone, muscle, cartilage, fat) they spread rapidly and are highly malignant

carcinomas are

malignant tumours that most often develop in the epithelial tissue (glands, skin, the protective lining of vessels, body cavities, and organs), and infiltrate surrounding areas - they can develop and spread to almost any organ or body party including the lungs, stomach, bowel, breast, cervix ,and prostate

glioma

any brain tumour (neurological cells)

malignant melanoma

malignant skin cancer (skin cells)

leukemia

malignant cancer of the blood (blood cells)

lymphoma

malignant tumour of lymphatic tissue (lymph cells)

a list of conditions and illnesses for which a drug should not be administered

contraindications ex- Aspirin is contraindicated and should not be given to those who take anticoagulant medications (blood thinners)

the types of patients or conditions and illnesses that warrant close observation for potential side effects

cautions ex- Aspirin should be used cautiously in the patient with a previous history of gastric or bleeding ulcer

also called adverse effects - a potentially long list of secondary effects which are unpleasant or dangerous

side effects ex- Aspirin can cause an allergic rash, nausea heartburn, flushing, bleeding

a list of medications or foods which may negatively impact the drug's effect, and which should be avoided

interactions ex- the effects of Aspirin can be altered when taken with high doses of antacids, other anti-inflammatory drugs, garlic, and clove

the study of medications and includes a variety if sub-topics

pharmacology

the relationship between the properties of the drug and what the drugs do to the body

pharmacodynamics

the drug only affects the area where it is applied

local effect

the effect of the medication is widespread throughout the body

systemic effect

the smallest possible amount to produce the drug's desirable effect

minimal dose

an initial high dose that is administered to elevate the drug level in the blood

loading dose | the loading dose is only administered once

the amount of drug needed to keep the drug's effect at a steady level in the blood, while keeping its desired effect

maintenance dose

the manufacturer's recommended dose which has proven to meet the desired effect this is often adjusted according to the patients body weight

therapeutic dose

the amount of drug that produces unwanted, harmful and hazardous side effects, and produces poisoning

toxic dose

the overly-high dose that results in death

lethal dose

is also called biotransformation

metabolism

enteral

administered within or by way of the gastrointestinal tract

parenteral

commonly administered via injection

topical

application of drugs to body surfaces

Module 1 Flashcards

(124 cards)