Module 1 - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart,
lungs, kidneys.

Answer 1

Gross Anatomy

Question 2

It refers to all structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)

Answer 2

Regional

Question 3

The body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc.)

Answer 3

Systemic

Question 4

It is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Answer 4

Surface

Question 5

It deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology,
histology)

Answer 5

Microscopic

Question 6

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.

Answer 6

Developmental

Question 7

It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Answer 7

Physiology

Question 8

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

Answer 8

Integumentary System

Question 9

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Answer 9

Skeletal System

Question 10

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

Answer 10

Muscular System

Question 11

As the fast - acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Answer 11

Nervous System

Question 12

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Answer 12

Endocrine System

Question 13

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Answer 13

Cardiovascular System

Question 14

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Answer 14

Lymphatic System / Immunity

Question 15

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Answer 15

Respiratory System

Question 16

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Answer 16

Digestive System

Question 17

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid - base balance of the blood.

Answer 17

Urinary System

Question 18

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Answer 18

Male Reproductive System

Question 19

Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Answer 19

Female Reproductive System

Question 20

What does this highly organized human body do?

Answer 20

1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

Question 21

Is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

Answer 21

Catabolism

Question 22

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.

Answer 22

Anabolism

Question 23

What are the requirements for life? (Survival needs)

Answer 23

1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal Body Temperature
5. Atmospheric Pressure

Question 24

The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even
though the outside world changes continuously

Answer 24

Homeostasis

Question 25

When a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either 1) cell fate changes or 2) morphogenetic responses.

Answer 25

Negative feedback mechanisms

Question 26

Initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater. The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead keeps the sequence of events going up.

Answer 26

Positive feedback mechanisms / Cascades

Question 27

An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.

Answer 27

Homeostatic Imbalance

Question 28

It refers to the positioning of the human body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward with the legs parallel to one another.

Answer 28

Anatomical Position

Question 29

It is a body position in which a person is lying flat on their front, face down.

Answer 29

Prone Position

Question 30

It is a body position in which a person is lying on their back with their face upward.

Answer 30

Supine Position

Question 31

It is a vertical plane that travels straight down the human body and divides the body into right and left portions.

Answer 31

Sagittal Plane

Question 32

It is a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves: right and left.

Answer 32

Median Plane

Question 33

It is a plane slices the body into two halves, namely the front side (anterior) and backside (posterior).

Answer 33

Coronal Plane

Question 34

It is a plane that can be any angle other than horizontal or vertical.

Answer 34

Oblique Plane

Question 35

It is a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Answer 35

Transverse Plane

Question 36

It means towards the middle or center.

Answer 36

Medial

Question 37

It means farther from the middle or center.

Answer 37

Lateral

Question 38

Describes the anatomical structures located above.

Answer 38

Superior

Question 39

Describes the anatomical structures located below.

Answer 39

Inferior

Question 40

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.

Answer 40

Anterior

Question 41

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.

Answer 41

Posterior

Question 42

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Answer 42

Proximal

Question 43

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Answer 43

Distal

Question 44

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

Answer 44

Superficial

Question 45

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

Answer 45

Deep

Question 46

It refers to something that is only on one side of the body.

Answer 46

Unilateral

Question 47

It refers to something that is on both sides of the body.

Answer 47

Bilateral

Question 48

It means on the same side.

Answer 48

Ipsilateral

Question 49

It means on opposite sides of the body.

Answer 49

Contralateral

Question 50

Refers to the back portion of the body.

Answer 50

Dorsal

Question 51

Refers to the front portion of the body.

Answer 51

Ventral

Question 52

Lining the walls

Answer 52

Parietal

Question 53

It covers the organs.

Answer 53

Visceral

Question 54

Lubricating fluid that separates the serosa.

Answer 54

Serous fluid

Question 55

Solute particles are very tiny and they do not settle out or scatter light.

Answer 55

Solution

Question 56

Solute particles are larger than in a solution, they scatter light and do not settle out.

Answer 56

Colloid

Question 57

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.

Answer 57

Suspension

Question 58

It is a concentration measurement in the blood (glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes).

Answer 58

Milligrams/ deciliter (mg/dL)

Question 59

Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in grams

Answer 59

Mole

Question 60

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

Answer 60

Biochemistry

Question 61

Contain carbon and made by living things.

Answer 61

Organic Compounds

Question 62

Compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Answer 62

Inorganic Compounds

Question 63

Also called, proton donors, substance that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

Answer 63

Acids

Question 64

Also called proton acceptors, substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts

Answer 64

Bases

Question 65

Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids.

Answer 65

pH

Question 66

When acids and bases mix, displacement reaction happen to form water and salt.

Answer 66

Neutralization

Question 67

Consists of a weak acid and a weak base that resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids.

Answer 67

Buffers

Question 68

Large complex molecules with thousands of atoms.

Answer 68

Macromolecules

Question 69

Chainlike molecules made of smaller, similar subunits (monomers).

Answer 69

Polymers

Question 70

The process of joining together monomers.

Answer 70

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 71

The process of degrading molecules (water splitting).

Answer 71

Hydrolysis

Question 72

It includes sugars and starches.

Answer 72

Carbohydrates

Question 73

Simple sugars, single chain (e.g. glucose, galactose, ribose).

Answer 73

Monosaccharides

Question 74

Double sugar, two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis (sucrose, lactose, maltose).

Answer 74

Disaccharides

Question 75

Polymers of simple sugars, large fairly insoluble molecules (starch, cellulose – plants; glycogen – animals).

Answer 75

Polysaccharides

Question 76

Functions of Carbohydrates

Answer 76

Provide ready, easily used source of cellular fuel.

Question 77

Insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids, alcohol and ether.

Answer 77

Lipids

Question 78

Fats when solid; oil if liquid, yields large amounts of energy.

Answer 78

Triglycerides

Question 79

Only with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

Answer 79

Saturated fats

Question 80

Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Answer 80

Unsaturated fats

Question 81

Solidified fats by addition of H atoms at carbon double bonds.

Answer 81

Trans fats

Question 82

Modified triglycerides with glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group (PO4).

Answer 82

Phospholipids

Question 83

Flat molecules made of interlocking hydrocarbon rings.

Answer 83

Steroids

Question 84

Essential for human life, found in cell membranes and raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts.

Answer 84

Cholesterol

Question 85

Lipids found in all cell membranes (e.g. prostaglandins).

Answer 85

Eicosanoids

Question 86

Basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function.

Answer 86

Proteins

Question 87

Building blocks of protein.

Answer 87

Amino acid

Question 88

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts (substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions).

Answer 88

Enzymes

Question 89

Substance on which an enzyme acts.

Answer 89

Substrate

Question 90

Type of protein that provides mechanical support.

Answer 90

Structural proteins

Question 91

Type of protein responsible for catalysis. Protein enzymes are essential for virtually every biochemical reaction in the body.

Answer 91

Enzyme proteins

Question 92

Type of protein responsible for moving substances (in blood or across plasma membranes).

Answer 92

Transport proteins

Question 93

Type of protein responsible for movement.

Answer 93

Contractile proteins

Question 94

Type of protein responsible for transmitting signals between cells. Can act as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones) or as receptors in the plasma membrane.

Answer 94

Communication proteins

Question 95

Type of protein that protects against disease.

Answer 95

Defensive proteins

Question 96

Largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major classes: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 96

Nucleic acids