Module 1 - Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 2

How are monosaccharides joined

Answer 2

condensation reaction

Question 3

Bond in carbohydrate

Answer 3

1-4 glycosidic

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

Question 5

Disaccharides formula

Answer 5

c12h22o11

Question 6

How are polymers seperated

Answer 6

hydrolysis

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 8

What are polysaccharides

Answer 8

Carbohydrates, many monosaccharides, joined by condensation reaction/ glycosidic bonds

Question 9

Starch

Answer 9

Energy stores, alpha glucose, amylose=coiled, amylopectin=straight+branches
insoluble, compact/coiled, branched

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Energy stores, alpha glucose, straight chain

insoluble, compact/coiled, branched

Question 11

Cellulose

Answer 11

Beta glucose, cell wall, pleated, hydrogen bonds, microfibrils, macrofibrils, strong

Question 12

Starch test

Answer 12

Iodine-blue/black

Question 13

Reducing sugar test

Answer 13

Heat with Benedicts, turns brick-red

Question 14

Non-reducing sugar test

Answer 14

Heat with benedicts, no change,
hydrochloric acid (hydrolyses glycosidic bond)
sodium hydrogen carbonate (neutralises solution)
heat with benedicts, brick-red

Question 15

Globular proteins

Answer 15

Soluble, specific 3D shape, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Question 16

Fibrous

Answer 16

Strong, insoluble, collagen, keratin

Question 17

Protein building blocks

Answer 17

Amino acids

Question 18

Structure of amino acid

Answer 18

H
|
NH2 - C - COOH
|
R

Question 19

How do amino acids differ

Answer 19

Different R groups

Question 20

How are amino acids joined together

Answer 20

Condensation reaction between carboxyl and amine group,

peptide bond

Question 21

Primary structure

Answer 21

Peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 22

Secondary

Answer 22

Polypeptide chain coils to form helix, hydrogen bonds and microfibrils form beta pleated sheet

Question 23

Tertiary

Answer 23

Secondary structure folds to form specific 3D structure

Question 24

Quaternary

Answer 24

Made of more than 1 polypeptide chain

Question 25

Test for protein

Answer 25

Add biuret, turns purple

Question 26

Lock and key model

Answer 26

Active site is rigid, only complementary substrates bind

Question 27

Induced fit model

Answer 27

Active site changes shape to fit the substrate

Question 28

Affect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

Answer 28

Increase substrate concentration, more chance of successful collisions, more chance of successful enzyme-substrate complex, increase rate of reaction continues until all active sites are being used

Question 29

Affect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity

Answer 29

Increase enzyme concentration, more chance of collisions, more chance of enzyme-substrate complex, increase rate of reaction Continues until all substrates are used up = maximum rate of reaction

Question 30

Affect of temperature on enzyme activity

Answer 30

temperature increase, kinetic energy increase, more collisions, more chance of enzyme substrate complex, increase rate of reaction after optimum breaks tertiary structure, active site changes, enzyme denatures, rate of reaction decreases

Question 31

Affect of pH on enzyme activity

Answer 31

If change in pH away from the optimum bonds break, active site changes, enzyme denatured, rate of reaction decreases

Question 32

Competitive inhibitors

Answer 32

Substance with complementary shape to enzyme active site, binds, blocks substrate from binding

Question 33

Non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 33

Substance that binds to another part of the enzyme, changes shape of the enzyme active site, no longer complementary to substrate

Question 34

Triglyceride structure

Answer 34

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids joined by condensation reaction, ester bonds bond is COOC saturated and unsaturated

Question 35

Saturated fats

Answer 35

No double bonds, solid

Question 36

Unsaturated fats

Answer 36

Double bonds, causes kink, liquid

Question 37

Structure of phospholipid

Answer 37

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate phosphate forms a hydrophilic head, fatty acids form hydrophobic tail forms phospholipid bilayer

Question 38

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 38

Polymers made from nucleotides (DNA + RNA)

Question 39

DNA

Answer 39

DeoxyRiboNucleic Acid | carries genes

Question 40

DNA building blocks

Answer 40

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 41

DNA structure

Answer 41

Double helix - acts as template in replication nucleotides join via condensation reaction between phosphate and sugar hydrogen bonds between the bases - weak so easy separation double strand - compact Sugar phosphate backbone - protects bases

Question 42

DNA replication

Answer 42

Interphase | semi-conservative

Question 43

Semi-conservative replication

Answer 43

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds 2 template strands free complementary bases line up with templates DNA polymerase joins the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 44

Evidence for semi-conservative replication

Answer 44

replicating bacteria either 15N or 14N 14N=light isotope 15N=heavy isotope Bacterial DNA made from 15N have heavy density Bacterial DNA made from 14N have light density Experiment - both combined, produce half 15 half 14

Question 45

RNA

Answer 45

Ribonucleic acid mRNA + tRNA single stranded phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases-AUCG

Question 46

ATP

Answer 46

``` Adenine triphosphate ADP+Pi+energy=ATP condensation reaction using ATP synthase ATP=ADP+Pi+energy released hydrolysis using ATP hydrolase releases energy from its bonds ```

Question 47

What makes ATP good

Answer 47

Immediate source | releases small amount of energy

Question 48

Uses of ATP

Answer 48

``` Protein synthesis organelle synthesis DNA replication cell division active transport metabolic reactions movement maintaining body temperatures ```

Question 49

Role of water

Answer 49

found in living organism - cytoplasm, xylem/phloem, tissue fluid acts as habitat

Question 50

Properties of water

Answer 50

Water molecules are dipolar Hydrogen has +ve charge, oxygen has -ve charge so, h20 molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other

Question 51

Role of water

Answer 51

Habitat- high specific heat capacity, lots of heat needed for evaporation when water freezes it becomes ice, less dense, floats on top, insulating underneath for organisms Solvent- h20 molecules dipolar, can separate based on charge, +ve hydrogen and -ve oxygen mix with counterparts on solution, dissolves, useful in cytoplasm, diffusion, phloem etc Hydrostatic pressure - when pressurised provides strong pushing force, mass flow, helps turgidity in plants Homeostasis - control body temp by sweating, heat from blood to evaporate, sweat made of hydrogen bonds, large amount of heat to evaporate, latent heat of vaporisation

Question 52

Inorganic ions

Answer 52

``` Salts/minerals Inorganic = does not contain carbon, ion = charged sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (Cl-) ```