module 1: body systems Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
what is the chemical level?
A
atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body.
2
Q
what is the cellular level?
A
molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body.
3
Q
what is the tissue level?
A
groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.
4
Q
what are the four main types of tissue?
A
epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue.
5
Q
what is the organ level?
A
organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function.
6
Q
what is the system level?
A
related organs working together to carry out a common function.
7
Q
what is the organismal level?
A
all the parts of the body that make a living organism.
8
Q
what are the eleven systems of the body?
A
murders linc!!!
muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproduction, skeletal, lymphatic (and immune), integumentary, nervous and cardiovascular.
9
Q
how many and what are the names of the layers of the integumentary system?
A
three layers. epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.
10
Q
what are the components/organ structures of the integumentary system?
A
skin
hair follicles
hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails
sensory receptors
11
Q
what is the function of the epidermis?
A
to protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue.
aids in vitamin d production.
12
Q
what is the epidermis made of?
A
stratified squamous epithelium.
13
Q
where is the most vitamin d produced in the epidermis?
A
stratum spinosum and stratum basal layers.
14
Q
what is the function of the dermis?
A
provides strength.
feeds nutrients to the epidermis.
15
Q
what is the function of hair follicles?
A
to provide sensation.
16
Q
what is the function of hair?
A
protection.
17
Q
what is the function of sebaceous glands?
A
to lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis.
aids in removing waste.
18
Q
what is the function of the sweat glands?
A
thermoregulation, cooling through sweat.
19
Q
what systems are the mammary glands in?
A
both reproductive and integumentary system.
20
Q
what is the function of nails?
A
provides protection.
21
Q
what is the function of sensory receptors?
A
to detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
22
Q
what is the function of the hypodermis?
A
to store fat/energy.
attach the skin to deeper layers.
23
Q
what are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?
A
skeletal muscle.
axial muscle.
appendicular muscle.
tendons and aponeuroses.
24
Q
what is the function of skeletal muscle?
A
controls the entrances and exits of the digestive, respiratory and urinary systems.
provides support and structure.
protects soft tissues.
provide skeletal movement.
provide heat through shivering.
25
what is the function of axial muscles?
to provide support and positioning of the axial skeleton.
26
what is the function of appendicular muscles?
to support, move and brace limbs.
27
what are tendons?
fibrous rope like connective tissue.
28
what are aponeuroses?
fibrous sheet like
29
what is the function of tendons?
attach muscle to bone.
translate contractile forces to actual tasks.
30
what is the function of aponeuroses?
attach muscle to muscle.
31
what are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?
bones.
cartilage.
joints.
axial skeleton.
appendicular skeleton.
bone.
red and yellow bone marrow.
32
what is the function of bones?
to store minerals.
provide support and protection.
provide a place for the muscle to attach to.
33
what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
to protect soft tissue with some flexibility.
located in the ribs.
34
what is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?
protects the verse interfaces.
found in intervertebral discs.
35
what is the axial skeleton?
forms the central axis of the body.
skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments.
36
what is the function of the axial skeleton?
protects the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, soft tissues of thorax.
supports body weight over lower limbs.
37
what is in the appendicular skeleton?
the limbs and supporting bones and ligaments. the arms, legs and pelvis.
38
what is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
provide internal support and positioning of the external limbs. supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton.
39
what are ligaments?
fibrous joints that hole bones together.
40
what are the joints?
where two or more bones meet.
41
where is red bone marrow found?
in flat bones. the pelvis, sternum, skill, ribs.
42
what is the function of red bone marrow?
to produce red blood cells.
43
trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow.
redbone marrow decreases with age. yellow bone marrow increases with age.
44
where is yellow bone marrow found?
in the medullary city of long bones.
45
what is the function of yellow bone marrow?
to store fat cells and convert to red bone marrow after major bleeding.
46
what are the components of the nervous system?
the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. brain. spinal cord. special senses.
47
what is the cns comprised of?
the brain and spinal cord.
48
what is the function of the cns?
the control centre of the body. has short term control over other systems.
49
what system is the optic nerve apart of?
the cns as it transmits visual information form the retina of the eye to the brain.
50
what is the function of the brain?
complex integrative activities. controls both voluntary and involuntary activities.
51
what is the function of the spinal cord?
relay information to and from the brain whilst performing less complex activities. reflex arc!
52
what is the function of special senses?
sensory input to the brain relating too sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium.
53
what system are the special sense in?
the pns EXCEPT the optic nerve.
54
what is the function of the pns?
links the cns to other systems and sense organs.
55
what are the 9 components of the endocrine system?
pineal gland. hypothalamus/pituitary gland. thyroid gland. parathyroid gland. thymus. adrenal gland. kidneys. pancreas. gonads.
56
what is the function of the pineal glands?
controls day and night rhythms through secretion of melatonin.
57
where is the pineal gland located?
the brain.
58
what is the function of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland?
to control many other endocrine glands. regulates growth and fluid balance.
59
where is the hypothalamus/pituitary gland found?
the brain.
60
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels.
61
what is the function of the parathyroid gland?
to control calcium levels.
62
where is the thyroid gland located?
the throat.
63
where is the parathyroid gland located?
the throat
64
what is the endocrine function of the thymus?
the maturation of lymphocytes/white blood cells.
65
where is the thymus found?
above the heart.
66
what systems is the thymus in?
the endocrine and lymphatic systems.
67
what is the function of the adrenal glands?
water and mineral balance (aldosterone). tissue metabolism (cortisol). cardio and respiration function (adrenaline)
68
where is the adrenal gland located?
above the kidneys
69
what is the endocrine function of the kidneys?
red blood cell production. blood pressure increase. calcium levels.
70
what systems are the kidneys in?
endocrine and urinary.
71
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
glucose control. the islets of lagerhands secrete glucagon and insulin to control glucose levels in the blood.
72
what systems is the pancreas in?
the endocrine and digestive system.
73
what is the function of the gonads?
sexual characteristics and reproduction.
74
where are growth hormones secreted from?
the anterior pituitary
75
what is gigantism?
a condition that results from hypersecretion of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary in childhood, before the growth plates close. leaves youth with enlargement.
76
what is acromegaly?
a condition that results in the enlargement of extremities by the overproduction of growth hormones in adults.
77
what is erythropoietin (EPO) and where does it come from?
a glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney.
78
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels. lymphatic fluid. b cells and T cells. lymph nodes including tonsils. spleen. thymus.
79
what is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
to carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system.
80
what is the function of lymphatic fluid?
to carry lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut.
81
what is the function of b and T cells?
they are cells that carry out immune responses
82
what is the function of lymph nodes?
monitor composition of lymph. defence by engulfing pathogens. stimulates immune response.
83
what is the function of the spleen?
monitor circulation of blood cells. engulfs pathogens. recycles red blood cells. produces immune response. pretty much just a large lymph node.
84
what is the lymphatic function of the thymus?
controls development and maintenance of the t cells lymphocytes.
85
what are the components of the cardiovascular system?
the heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood.
86
what is the function of the heart?
to propel blood and maintain blood pressure.
87
what is the function of arteries?
to transport blood from the heart to the capillaries.
88
what is the function of the capillaries?
diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid.
89
what is the function of veins?
to return blood from the capillaries to the heart.
90
what are the functions of the blood?
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. transport nutrients and hormones. removes waste. temperature regulation. defence against illness (immune cells). acid base balance (-hco3).
91
what are the components of the respiratory system?
nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. pharynx. larynx. trachea. bronchi. lungs.
92
what are the functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
filter, warm and humidify the air and detect smells.
93
what is the function of the pharynx?
to conduct air to the larynx.
94
what systems are the pharynx in?
the respiratory and digestive systems.
95
what is the function of the larynx?
protects opening to the trachea whilst containing vocal cords for vocalisation.
96
what is the function of the trachea?
conducts air. cartilage keeps it open.
97
what is the function of the bronchi?
conducts air between the trachea and the lungs.
98
what is the function of the lungs?
air movement. gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli. acid base control.
99
what are the components of the digestive system?
oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus.
100
what is function of the oral cavity?
breaks up food working with teeth and tongue.
101
what is the function of salivary glands?
buffers and lubricates enzymes to begin digestion.
102
what is the digestive function of the pharynx?
solid food and liquids to the oesophagus chamber shared with respiratory system.
103
what is the function of the oesophagus?
to deliver food to the stomach
104
what is the function of the stomach?
secretes acid, enzymes and hormones to digest food.
105
what is the function of the small intestine?
digestive enzymes. buffers and hormones. absorbs nutrients.
106
what is the function of the liver?
secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood.
107
what is the function of the gallbladder?
concentrates bile
108
what is the digestive function of the pancreas?
digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells.
109
what is the function of the large intestine?
water removal
110
what is the function of anus?
water storage and removal.
111
what are the components of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
112
what is the urinary function of the kidneys?
form and concentrate urine. regulate ph and ions. blood volume and pressure. endocrine function (production of blood cells and mineral balance)
113
what is the function of the ureters?
conducts urine to the bladder.
114
what is the function of the bladder?
stores urine prior to elimination.
115
what is the urinary function of the urethra?
conducts urine to exterior.
116
what systems is the urethra in?
urinary and reproductive
117
what are the components of the male reproductive system?
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum.
118
what is the function of the testes?
produce sperm.
119
what systems are the testes in?
the reproductive and endocrine system.
120
what is the function of epididymis?
sperm maturation
121
what is the function of ductus deferens?
the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis
122
what is the function of the seminal glands?
secretion of seminal fluid
123
what is the function of the prostate glands?
secretion of seminal fluid
124
what is the reproductive function of the urethra?
to take sperm to the exterior
125
what is the function of the penis?
transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)
126
what is the function of the scrotum?
thermal control of the testes
127
what is the reproductive function of the ovaries?
to produce oocytes and hormones
128
what systems are the ovaries in?
endocrine and reproductive
129
what is the function of the uterine/fallopian tubes
delivers oocyte from ovary to uterine cavity. location of fertilisation.
130
what is the function of the uterus?
embryonic development
131
what is the function of the vagina and external genitalia?
lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal.
132
what is the reproductive function of the mammary glands?
nutrition of newborns.
