Module 1 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Question

What is Peripheral arterial disease? Describe the pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management

Answer 1

A Circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs. A sign of fatty deposits and calcium building up in the walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Risk factors include ageing, diabetes and smoking. Symptoms include leg pain particularly when walking but can improve with rest or while exercising. Pain in the buttocks. Cool skin, loss of hair on the legs, thinning of skin on the legs, or ulcers. Treatments include a better lifestyle, no smoking or tobacco use, exercise and a healthy diet are often successful treatments. Medication includes statin, vasodilators and anticoagulants.

Answer 2

Abnormal swelling or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, such as an artery. They can occur anywhere throughout the circulatory system, but most commonly develop along the aorta and in the blood vessels of the brain. Symptoms include thunderclap headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, blurred or double vision, sensitivity to light, seizures, drooping eyelid and a dilated pupil, pain above and behind your eye, pain in the abdomen, arm back or leg, bleeding and headaches.

Answer 3

Thrombophlebitis is a condition that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, often in the legs. Usually occurs in surface-layer veins located in areas with poor blood flow. In rare cases, the clot could indicate a risk of a more serious condition called deep vein thrombosis Symptoms include redness, swelling and pain Treatment includes elevating the affected site, cold or warm compresses, anti-inflammatory medication and in rare cases, antibiotics/anti-inflammatory non-steroidal medications are required.

Answer 4

Occurs when a blood clot in a vein forms independently from the presence of inflammation of the vein Inactivity such as bed rest during recovery can lead to the condition. Often progresses to thrombophlebitis in which the blood clot is accompanied by inflammation. Symptoms include warmth, tenderness and pain. It is diagnosed through an ultrasound. This may be accompanied by a blood test to check for levels of a substance that dissolves clots. Treatment includes applying heat to the painful area. Elevating the area and wearing compression clothing. NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). The condition does usually improve on its own

Answer 5

Varicose veins are bulging and enlarged veins. Any vein close to the skin's surface can become varicose, most often affecting the legs as standing and walking can increase the pressure in the veins of the lower body. Symptoms are typically cosmetic. However, sometimes can cause aching pain, discomfort, bruising, heaviness (especially if in the legs), itching or swelling. It can be an indicator of circulatory problems. Treatments include compression stockings, exercising and a better lifestyle, or surgery to remove or close the veins

Answer 6

Damage or disease in the heart's major blood vessels. It is usually caused by the build-up of plaque, causing the coronary arteries to narrow, limiting the blood flow to the heart. Symptoms include pain in the chest, indigestion or nausea, lightheadedness or sweating, fast heart rate or shortness of breath. Treatments include lifestyle changes (weight loss, smoking, exercise, low-fat diet), statin, anticoagulants, beta blockers, antianginal and calcium channel blockers, coronary stent and coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery

Answer 7

Any condition brought on by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart. Most often caused by plaque rupture or clot formation in the heart's arteries Symtpoms include pain in the chest, arm, or jaw, which can occur at rest or exertion, shortness of breath, chest pressure, or sweating. Treatments include medical procedures, coronary angioplasty, coronary stent, and cardiac catheterisation. Anticoagulants, beta-blockers, statin and cholesterol medication. Cardiac rehabilitation

Answer 8

Heart failure is a condition where the heart does not pump enough blood for your body needs. Symptoms include shortness of breath when active or lying down, fatigue and weakness, swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced ability to exercise, wheezing, and a cough that doesn't go away that could bring up white or pink mucus with blood. Treatments include heart transplant, diuretics, SGLT2 inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, heart valve surgery, ventricular assist devices, beta-blockers, pharmaceutical drugs, angioplasty or bypass surgery.

Answer 9

Any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart Symptoms include chest pain, palpitations caused by irregular heartbeats, fatigue, dizziness, low or high blood pressure depending on which valve disease is present, shortness of breath, abdominal pain due to an enlarged liver, and leg swelling. Treatments include medication and heart valve surgery (either replacement or repair)

Answer 10

Any disorder affecting the heart muscle causes cardiomyopathy causing the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well. Heart rhythm can also be disturbed leading to arrhythmias. Symptoms include pain in the chest, dizziness, fatigue or loss of appetite, abnormal heart rhythm, fast heart rate, or murmur, bloating or fluid in the abdomen, coughing, shortness of breath, swelling in extremities or weight gain Treatment includes anticoagulants, beta-blockers, ace inhibitors, diuretic, antihypertensive, statin, antiarrhythmic

Answer 11

Cells encounter stressors and diseases throughout their lifespan. Cells respond to such stressors by using reserves to continue functioning or adapting through change. These include: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and Dysplasia. For example, when working out the muscle is stressed this then stimulates hypertrophy muscle size increases so the muscle can better handle the stressor. Without reserves or adaptations they die (necrosis)

Answer 12

Cell injury can occur through 4 distinct injury types. Toxic injury caused by endogenous factors such as metabolic errors, or exogenous factors like alcohol. Infectious injury which is caused by agents like viruses and bacteria which often distrupt cell synthesis. Physical injury resulting from thermal, eg. radiation or mechanical, eg. trauma. And finally deficit injury, which occurs due to deficits in water, oxygen, nutrients, temperature regulations, or waste disposal leading to cell disruption or death

Answer 13

Cell injury can often be an indicate and causes diseases

Answer 14

Cells use reserves or adapt in response to injury or stress, if reserves run out and cells cannot adapt, they die (necrosis)

Answer 15

The process in which cells lose their structure and function over time, often as a result of aging or injury. Generally affecting the cytoplasm it is influenced by intrinsic factors (such as genetic limitations) and extrinsic factors (such as environmental damage). The effects of cell degeneration can be seen across all body systems and can lead to various diseases, disorders and death.

Answer 16

Reduced elasticity, muscle mass, loss of structure and function, leading to changes in skin colour and feel

Answer 17

Blood is 55% plasma containing mostly water and essential proteins, whilst the rest is made up of formed elements erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets.

Answer 18

There are 3 layers of tissue surrounding the heart. The outer most layer is the epicardium and it serves as protection. The 2nd layer is composed of myocardium tissue and is a thick muscular layer. The final deepest and thinnest layer is endocardium and it lines the chamber of the heart

Answer 19

Deoxygenated blood enters through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava into the right atrium. It then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. It then becomes ovygenated and is transported from the lungs to the Left Atrium via the Pulmonary Veins. It then flows throw the Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle. Finally it passes through the Aortic Valve to the Aorta where it is then pumped through the body

Module 1 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(43 cards)