Module 1: Cells as the basis of life

Question 1

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 1

• Singular, circular DNA chromosomes
• DNA in nucleiod
• Ribosomes in cytoplasm
• Cell membrane & cell wall
• Flagellum
• May have plasmids (small rings of double stranded DNA)
• pili/fimbriae (movement/transfer of DNA)

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

• Larger, more complex
• Plasma membrane on outside
• Uni/multicellular
• Asexually or sexually produced
• Internal membrane (specialised compartments - specialised functions)

Question 3

Light Microscope

Answer 3

Performed on living cells, visible light

Question 4

Confocal Microscope

Answer 4

3D, laser (pinhole lenses), optical sections - stained

Question 5

Fluorescence Microscope

Answer 5

Molecules absorb light, markers - attach to cell structures

Question 6

Electron Microscope

Answer 6

Electron beams show great detail, black & white, subcellular structures

Question 7

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 7

Electron beam through thin section of specimen

Question 8

Scanning Electron Microscope

Answer 8

Electrons bounce off specimen (coated in thin layer of gold), high-resolution of surface

Question 9

Estimating Cell Size

Answer 9

Total magnification = ocular x objective
Size of cell = no. of cells seen / POV diameter

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Contains genetic info for cell growth, repair & functioning

Question 11

Nucleolus

Answer 11

Makes ribosomes

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

Makes proteins

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

ROUGH - processes & modifies proteins
SMOOTH - makes lipids

Question 14

Golgi Appartus

Answer 14

Processes and packages substances made in cell

Question 15

Lysosomes

Answer 15

Breaks down cellular waste & foreign particles

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Produce ATP (cellular respiration)

Question 17

Cell Membrane

Answer 17

Protects/contains organelles + contains movement of substances

Question 18

Cell Wall

Answer 18

Structural strength & protection

Question 19

Cytoplasm

Answer 19

Suspends organelles, gives cells shape

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

Holds organelles in place

Question 21

Chloroplasts

Answer 21

Location where photosynthesis occurs

Question 22

Centrioles

Answer 22

Cell division (pulls chromosomes apart)

Question 23

Pili/Flagella

Answer 23

Movement

Question 24

Vacuole

Answer 24

Storage, turgor pressure, maintain shape/ structure (plants)

Question 25

Phospholipids (cell membrane)

Answer 25

Consist of a phosphate head (hydrophilic, negatively charged & polar) made of glycerol & phosphate group & lipid tails (uncharged, non-polar & hydrophobic) made of long chains of carbon & hydrogen

Question 26

Proteins (cell membrane)

Answer 26

Integral: Permanent, let nutrients in/out of cells (transmembrane proteins) Peripheral: Temporary, bing to integral proteins

Question 27

Carbohydrates (cell membrane)

Answer 27

Recognise & adhere to cells, also recognise hormones, viruses & antibodies Glycoproteins: attached to proteins Glycolipids: attached to lipid tails

Question 28

Passive Transport

Answer 28

Movement of molecules through semi-permeable membrane along concentration gradient Without input of energy

Question 29

Simple Diffusion

Answer 29

Small, non-polar molecules freely diffusing across membrane, along concentration gradient until equilibrium

Question 30

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 30

Large, polar molecules & ions move across membrane via membrane proteins - channel & carrier (highly specific)

Question 31

Osmosis

Answer 31

Movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until equilibrium increased by protein channels - aquaporins

Question 32

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 32

High solute concentration Low water

Question 33

Isotonic Solution

Answer 33

Equal solute concentrations

Question 34

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 34

Low solute concentration High water

Question 35

Active Transport

Answer 35

Movement of molecules through membrane against concentration gradient with energy

Question 36

Endocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 36

Transporting large/ groups of molecules into cell

Question 37

Exocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 37

Large molecules exit cell

Question 38

SA:V Ratio

Answer 38

Larger cells = larger metabolic need - need larger SA:V - Cell compartmentalisation - Flattened shape - Cell membrane extensions All increase SA:V ratio

Question 39

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 39

DO NOT contain carbon atoms or are simple molecules (1 or 2 carbon atoms)

Question 40

Inorganic Compounds Examples

Answer 40

Nitrogen, water, CO2, salts & minerals

Question 41

Organic Compounds

Answer 41

Contain carbon & hydrogen atoms

Question 42

Organic Compounds Examples

Answer 42

Vitamins, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Question 43

Waste Removal Autotrophs

Answer 43

Excrete by-products, don’t require specialised organs, reuse gases and fewer protein molecules - less nitrogenous waste

Question 44

Waste Removal Heterotrophs

Question 45

Photosynthesis

Answer 45

6H2O + 6CO2 ----> (light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 46

Photosynthesis: Stage 1

Question 47

Photosynthesis: Stage 2

Question 48

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Answer 48

- CO2 concentrations - Temp - Light colour

Question 49

Cellular Respiration

Answer 49

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Question 50

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

Question 51

Aerobic Respiration

Question 52

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 53

Enzymes

Question 54

Catabolic Reaction

Question 55

Anabolic Reaction

Question 56

Catalysts