Module 1: Cellular Pathophysiology

Question 1

Aeitiology

Answer 1

The cause of a disease

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

Reduction in cell size

Question 3

Clinical manifestations

Answer 3

Demonstrable changes in body function (signs and symptoms) caused by a disease

Question 4

Dysplasia

Answer 4

Maladaptive; variation in size and shape of cells in tissue

Question 5

Epidemiology

Answer 5

The study of the patterns of disease (incidence) within populations

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

Increase in cell mitosis

Question 7

Hypertrophy

Answer 7

Increase in cell size

Question 8

Hypoxaemia

Answer 8

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

Question 9

Hypoxia

Answer 9

A state of low oxygen

Question 10

Incidence

Answer 10

The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a period

Question 11

Infarction

Answer 11

Tissue death (necrosis) caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue’s blood supply

Question 12

Ischemia

Answer 12

Inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue

Question 13

Metaplasia

Answer 13

Transition from one cell type to another

Question 14

Pathogeneisis

Answer 14

Sequence of events by which the disease develops from aetiology to signs and symptoms (acute/chronic)

Question 15

Pathophysiology

Answer 15

The study of the mechanisms by which disease and illness alter body function

Question 16

Pharmacology

Answer 16

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action

Question 17

Prevalence

Answer 17

The total number of cases of a disease at a particular time

Question 18

Idiopathic

Answer 18

Unknown aeitiology

Question 19

Differential diagnosis

Answer 19

A short list of possible diseases/conditions causing current clinical manifestations

Question 20

Presumptive diagnosis

Answer 20

Initial identification of disease

Question 21

Definitive diagnosis

Answer 21

Final identification of disease

Question 22

Sequela

Answer 22

Complication, resolution or outcome of a disease

Question 23

Prognosis

Answer 23

Likely outcome of the disease

Question 24

Pathology

Answer 24

Changes in structure

Question 25

Risk factor

Answer 25

Things that increase chance of disease

Question 26

Signs

Answer 26

Objective changes caused by disease/dysfunction which are able to be seen by an outsider (fever, redness)

Question 27

Symptoms

Answer 27

Subjective changes caused by a disease/dysfunction only able to be felt by subject (pain, nausea)

Question 28

Diagnosis

Answer 28

Using clinical manifestations and pathology to identify the disease

Question 29

Treatments

Answer 29

Ways to mange a disease (lifestyle, medication and surgical)

Question 30

Acute inflammation

Answer 30

Condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly (seconds, minutes, hours) after the injury

Question 31

Calor

Answer 31

Temperature

Question 32

Cellular phase

Answer 32

Second stage of acute inflammation

Question 33

Chemical mediators

Answer 33

Intracellular substances released into the tissue that induce inflammation

Question 34

Chronic inflammation

Answer 34

Acute inflammatory response that does not subside after 2 weeks

Question 35

Dalor

Answer 35

Pain

Question 36

Exudate

Answer 36

Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue

Question 37

Histamine

Answer 37

Chemical mediator released from mast cell, key to vascular phase of acute inflammation

Question 38

Leukotrienes

Answer 38

Chemical mediator that causes bronchoconstriction

Question 39

Prostaglandins

Answer 39

Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

Question 40

Rubor

Answer 40

Redness

Question 41

Tumor

Answer 41

Swelling

Question 42

Vascular phase

Answer 42

The first stage of acute inflammation

Question 43

Angiogenesis

Answer 43

Development of new blood vessels

Question 44

Replacement (wound healing)

Answer 44

Extensive damage, the tissue is replaced by connective (scar) tissue, tissue cells are incapable to regenerate. i.e Brain or heart infarction

Question 45

Paremchyma

Answer 45

Functional tissue cells

Question 46

Second intention healing

Answer 46

Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue

Question 47

Keloid scar

Answer 47

Excessive scar tissue that grows beyond the wound edges

Question 48

Debridement

Answer 48

Process of cleaning debris and dead cells from injured site

Question 49

Resolution (wound healing)

Answer 49

Minimal tissue damage, the cells recover within a short period i.e. mild sunburn

Question 50

Hypertrophic scar

Answer 50

Scar tissue that remains within wound margins

Question 51

Epithelialisation

Answer 51

Epithelial layer growing into the surrounding under the clot to bridge the wound gap

Question 52

First intention healing

Answer 52

Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap

Question 53

Regeneration

Answer 53

The damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue from nearby cells. Sometimes altering the tissues overall function. i.e fibrous tissue in the liver

Question 54

Collagen

Answer 54

Protein commonly found in connective tissue and basic component found in scar tissue

Question 55

Granulation

Answer 55

New connective tissue growing into the wound (bright red)