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Human Bio Science 214201 > Module 1: Digestive & Liver Disorders > Flashcards

Module 1: Digestive & Liver Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Atresias

A

Blockage of the tract

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2
Q

Define Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the tract

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3
Q

Define Fistulas

A

An abnormal opening between two organs or an organ cavity and the outside

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4
Q

What is malabsorption syndrome?

A

A condition where the GI tract cannot absorb nutrients properly

Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain, weakness, and weight loss.

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5
Q

What are the nutritional implications of malabsorption syndrome?

A

Impaired absorption leads to anemia, osteoporosis, and weight loss

These implications arise due to the inability to absorb essential nutrients.

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6
Q

Which disorders are associated with GERD?

A

Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

GERD can lead to complications like Barrett’s esophagus.

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7
Q

What role does H. Pylori play in PUD?

A

H. Pylori infection is a major risk factor for the development of peptic ulcers

It contributes to the damage of the stomach lining.

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8
Q

What are the common symptoms of gastritis?

A

Epigastric burning, pain, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastritis can be acute or chronic.

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9
Q

What is the main cause of erosive gastritis?

A

Prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Other causes include alcohol, cocaine, and radiation.

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10
Q

What is the main diagnostic test for gastritis?

A

Endoscopy with or without biopsy of the stomach

Other tests include upper GI series and blood tests.

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11
Q

What are the treatment options for gastritis?

A

Antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and reducing NSAID use

H. Pylori infection must be treated to prevent complications.

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12
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

A lesion in the gut lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus

Types include gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and esophageal ulcers.

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for peptic ulcers?

A

H. Pylori infection, smoking, NSAIDs, high serum gastrin levels

Hypergastrinaemia is also a common risk factor.

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14
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute or chronic

It affects both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.

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15
Q

What are the major causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones and alcohol abuse

Gallstones can block bile ducts, while alcohol damages pancreatic tissue.

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16
Q

What are the clinical features of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Abdominal pain, pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, steatorrhea, weight loss

Chronic pancreatitis leads to irreversible damage.

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17
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A

A relapsing and remitting condition characterized by chronic inflammation in the GI tract

IBD includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

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18
Q

What is the peak onset age for Crohn’s disease?

A

15 - 25 years

A second peak occurs in individuals aged 50 - 70 years.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Crohn’s disease?

A

Inflammation that is not continuous, affecting any part of the GI tract

It can cause ulcers and granulomas.

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20
Q

What is Crohn Disease?

A

A type of IBD that usually affects the distal ileum and colon but may occur in any part of the GI tract

Crohn Disease is characterized by areas of inflammation in the GIT that are not continuous.

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21
Q

What is the etiology of Crohn Disease?

A

Unknown, but may involve a dysfunctional immune response to GIT pathogens and a genetic component

There is an increased risk in families.

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22
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Crohn Disease.

A

Inflammation spreads through layers of the gut (transmural), resulting in ulcers, granulomas, and abscesses

This includes deep longitudinal and transverse ulcers with intervening mucosal edema.

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23
Q

What is a characteristic appearance of the bowel in Crohn Disease?

A

Cobblestone appearance due to deep ulcers and mucosal edema

This is a result of the pattern of inflammation.

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24
Q

What are common complications of Crohn Disease?

A

Perianal fistulas and abscesses

Fistulas may form into adjoining structures and can lead to bowel obstruction.

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25
List the common signs and symptoms of Crohn Disease.
* Chronic diarrhea * Malabsorption * Abdominal pain * Tenderness * Fever * Anorexia * Weight loss * Blood in the stool (less common) ## Footnote Chronic diarrhea occurs because the large intestine's ability to absorb water is impaired.
26
What diagnostic methods are used for Crohn Disease?
* Barium x-rays of small bowel * Abdominal CT * Endoscopy ## Footnote These methods help visualize the condition of the GI tract.
27
What are the main treatments for Crohn Disease?
* Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. Aminosalicylic acids) * Antibiotics * Immunomodulating drugs (e.g. corticosteroids) * Surgery (for complications) ## Footnote Surgery may improve symptoms but does not cure the disease.
28
What is Ulcerative Colitis (UC)?
A chronic inflammatory and ulcerative disease with an autoimmune cause ## Footnote Severity ranges from mild & localized to severe, with periods of ‘flare’ and ‘remission’.
29
Where does Ulcerative Colitis usually begin?
In the rectum ## Footnote It may remain localized in the rectum or extend proximally.
30
What are the categories of Ulcerative Colitis based on location?
* Proctitis: only the rectum * Proctosigmoiditis: rectum and sigmoid colon * Left-sided colitis: entire left side of the large intestine * Pancolitis: the entire colon ## Footnote Each category indicates the extent of the disease.
31
What are common signs and symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?
* Pain in left lower quadrant * Abdominal cramps * Severe and frequent diarrhea (with blood) * Bloody mucus in stools * Loss of Na+ & water * Fever, Anorexia, Anaemia, Weight loss ## Footnote Symptoms vary based on the severity of the disease.
32
What diagnostic tests are used for Ulcerative Colitis?
* Endoscopy (sigmoidoscopy with biopsy) * Stool tests (blood +ve) * Lab tests for anaemia * Abdominal x-ray ## Footnote These tests help confirm the diagnosis and assess the condition.
33
What are common complications of Ulcerative Colitis?
* Nutritional deficiencies (e.g. Vit K) * Massive bleeding * Severe diarrhea leading to hypovolemia * Increased risk of colorectal cancer * Perforation ## Footnote These complications can arise from the disease progression.
34
Define diverticula.
Saclike out-pouches where the mucosa and submucosa protrude through the muscular wall of the digestive system ## Footnote They can occur anywhere in the large bowel, but usually in the sigmoid colon.
35
What is diverticulitis?
Inflammation with or without infection of a diverticulum ## Footnote It can lead to complications such as bleeding or rupture.
36
What dietary factor is associated with diverticula formation?
A low-fiber diet ## Footnote Low fiber leads to constipation and increased pressure in the sigmoid colon.
37
What is the most common symptom of intestinal polyps?
Asymptomatic, but rectal bleeding is the most frequent symptom ## Footnote Symptoms may include cramps and abdominal pain if the polyp is large.
38
What is the most common type of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract?
Colorectal cancer ## Footnote It develops from adenomatous polyps in over 95% of cases.
39
What increases the risk of colorectal cancer?
* Age (40-50 years) * Familial risk (10% inherited) * Inflammatory bowel diseases * Low-fiber diets high in animal protein and fat ## Footnote These factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
40
What are the two main types of hernias that can cause digestive system disorders?
* Hiatus hernia * Inguinal hernia ## Footnote Each type has different causes and symptoms.
41
What is a hiatus hernia?
A protrusion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm ## Footnote It can be sliding (most common) or paraesophageal.
42
What are the symptoms of an inguinal hernia?
Visible bulge, asymptomatic or vague discomfort ## Footnote Complications can include incarcerated or strangulated hernias.
43
Define intestinal obstruction.
Significant mechanical impairment or complete arrest of the passage of intestinal contents ## Footnote It can involve the small or large intestine and may be partial or complete.
44
What are the two types of intestinal obstruction?
* Mechanical * Nonmechanical (functional) ## Footnote Mechanical obstruction can be simple or strangulated.
45
What are common causes of small intestine obstruction?
* Adhesions * Strangulated hernias * Gallstones * Food bolus obstruction * Abdominal surgery ## Footnote These causes account for the majority of small intestine obstructions.
46
What are the symptoms of strangulated obstruction?
* Severe pain * Vomiting * Abdominal distension * High-pitched gurgling sounds ## Footnote Strangulation can lead to serious complications like gangrene.
47
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity ## Footnote It can arise from various GI conditions, trauma, or surgery.
48
What are some complications of intestinal obstruction?
* Perforation * Fistulas * Peritonitis * Septicaemia * Sepsis ## Footnote These complications can be life-threatening.
49
Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for...?
Paptic ulcers
50
The two major causes of acute pancreatitis are...?
Gallstone and alcohol abuse
51
A mass of tissue that arises from the bowel wall and protrudes into the lumen is a/an...?
Polyp
52
An abnormal opening between two organs or an organ cavity and the outside environment is a/an...?
Fistula
53
An immune reaction to gluten resulting in gastrointestinal inflammation is what disease?
Coeliac disease
54
A protrusion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm is?
a hiatus hernia
55
Diverticula can occur anywhere in the intestine but are usually found where?
Sigmoid colon | the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus
56
Name a screening test used to diagnose colorectal cancer
Colonoscopy
57
Obstructions of the large intestine are NOT caused by: 1. A bolus of food 2. Diverticulitis 3. Volvulus 4. Tumours
1. A bolus of food
58
Proctitis describes inflammation of the 1. Rectum and the sigmoid colon 2. Entire left side of the large intestine 3. Entire colon 4. Rectum
Rectum
59
Symptomsof ulcerative colitis do NOT include... 1. Loss of sodium and water 2. Pain in left lower quadrant 3. Bloody mucus containing stools 4. Constipation
Constipation
60
hepatobiliary system refers to what organ system?
The liver
61
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the liver? 1. Synthesis of bile 2. Absorption of nutrients 3. Carbohydrate metabolism 4. Conjugation of bilirubin
Absorption of nutrients
62
Which statement about the liver in incorrect? 1. Hepatocytes store glucose as glycogen and detoxify metabolic waste 2. Sinusoids allow the exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes 3. Venous blood flows out of the liver via the hepatic portal vein 4. Oxygenated blood flows into the liver bia the hepatic artery
Venous blood flows out of the liver via the hepatic portal vien. It flows into the liver via the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein
63
Jandice is also known as...? 1. Haemophilia 2. Hypercholesterolemia 3. Anaemia 4. Icterus
Icterus
64
Jaundice is cause by?
excess bilirubin in the blood
65
A cause of intrahepatic jaundice is...? 1. Obstruction by gallstones 2. Hepatitis 3. Strictures 4. Blood transfusion reastions
Hepatitis
66
Urobilinogen is absent in the urin of patients with...? 1. Posthepatic obstructive jaundice 2. Intrahepatic jaundice 3. Prehepatic hemolytic jaundice
Posthepatic obstructive jaundice
67
Hepatitis A is a... 1. Genetic disease 2. Fungal infection 3. Viral infection 4. Bacterial infection
viral infection
68
Cirrhosis of the liver can result in all of the following EXCEPT for: 1. Portal hypertension 2. Ascites 3. Gallstones 4. Splenomegaly
Gallstones
69
Chronic end-stage liver disease is called:
Cirrhosis
70

Human Bio Science 214201 (3 decks)

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