Module 1 Exam Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
Form and structure of organs/systems
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
Function of organs/systems
3
Q
Levels of Organization (6)
A
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organismal
4
Q
Chemical level
A
- simplest level
- involves atoms and moleculeus
- atoms–molecules–macromolecules–organelles
5
Q
Cellular level
A
- consists of cells
* smalles living structures
6
Q
Tissue level
A
*groups of similar cells that perform common functions
7
Q
Organ level
A
*contain 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions
8
Q
Organ system level
A
*related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve common function
9
Q
Organismal level
A
- highest level
* all body systems function interdependently
10
Q
6 Characteristics of life
A
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Growth and development
- Responsiveness
- Regulation
- Reproduction
11
Q
Organ systems (11)
A
- Integumentary system
- Muscular system
- Skeletal system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Lymphatic system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Urinary system
- Digestive system
- Reproductive system
12
Q
Function of integumentary system
A
- protection
- regulate body temp
- site of cutaneous receptors and glands
- synthesizes vit D
- prevents water loss
13
Q
Function of muscular system
A
- produces body movement
* generates heat w/ muscle contractions
14
Q
Function of nervous system
A
- regulatory
- controls muscles and some glands
- responds to sensory stimuli
- responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
15
Q
Function of endocrine system
A
- glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones—-regulate development, growth, and metabolism
- maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume
- control digestive processes, and control reproduction
16
Q
Function of lymphatic system
A
- transports and filters lymph
* participates in an immune response when necessary
17
Q
Function of cardiovascular system
A
- consists of heart and blood vessels
* heart moves blood in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
18
Q
Function of respiratory system
A
*responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
19
Q
Function of the urinary system
A
- filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules
- concentrates waste products in the form of urine
- expels urine from the body
20
Q
Function of the digestive system
A
- mechanically and chemically digests food materials
- absorbs nutrients
- expels waste products
21
Q
Function of the reproductive system
A
Male *Produces male sex cells *produces male hormones *transfers sperm to female Female *Produces female sex cells *produces female hormones *receives sperm from male *site of fertilization *site of growth and development of embryo and fetus *produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn
22
Q
Define homeostasis
A
Ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to internal or external conditions
23
Q
Negative feedback
A
- resulting action always in opposite direction of the stimulus
- most processes use this
24
Q
Positive feedback
A
*stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs
25
Structures found in mediastinum (5)
1. Heart
2. Thymus
3. Esophagus
4. Trachea
5. Major blood vessels connecting to heart
26
Serous membrane
*Layer of cells that lines subdivisions of ventral cavity
27
Parietal layer of serous membrane
Lines internal surface of body wall
28
Visceral layer of serous membrane
Lines external surface of organs
29
Superior
closer to head
30
Inferior
Closer to feet
31
Anterior
In front of
32
Posterior
In back of
33
Medial
Toward midline
34
Lateral
Away from midline
35
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment
36
Distal
Farther away from point of attachment
37
Deep
On inside
38
Superficial
On outside
39
Cranial
Surrounding the brain
40
Frontal
Forehead
41
Occipital
Back of head
42
Orbital
Eye
43
Nasal
Nose
44
Oral
Mouth
45
Otic
Ear
46
Buccal
Cheek
47
Mental
Chin
48
Cervical
Neck
49
Clavicular
Clavicle
50
Pectoral
Chest
51
Sternal
Sternum
52
Mammary
Breast
53
Umbilical
Belly button
54
Inguinal
Groin
55
Pubic
Anterior region of pelvis
56
Vertebral
Spinal column
57
Lumbar
Relating to inferior part of back
58
Sacral
Posterior region between hip bones
59
Gluteal
Buttock
60
Perineal
Diamond-shaped region between the legs
61
Axillary
Armpit
62
Brachial
upper arm
63
Antecubital
Anterior to elbow
64
Antebrachial
Forearm
65
Deltoid
Shoulder
66
Sagittal Plane
Parallel to midsagittal plane
67
Transverse Plane
divides body into superior and inferior parts
68
Frontal Plane
vertical plane that divides into anterior and posterior parts
69
6 elements that make up 98% of weight of human body
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
5. Calcium
6. Phosphorus
70
Low # on pH scale
More acidic
71
High # on pH scale
More basic
72
Lipogenesis
Acetyl-CoA converted to fatty acids
73
Lipolysis
Hydrolysis
| Hydroxl and carboxyl group
74
Factors that denature a protein
Heat
Chemically altered
Changes in pH
75
Enzymes result to activation energy of reaction it catalyzes
Lowers energy needed
76
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
* synthesizes proteins
* Modifies and stores
* Forms transport vehicles
77
Smooth ER
* Lipid synthesis
* Detoxifies
* Forms transport vehicles
78
Golgi Apparatus
* Forms proteoglycans
* Modifies and stores proteins formed in ER
* Provides means of transporting substances into, out of, and within a cell
79
Lysosomes
*breakdown molecules
80
Peroxisomes
* Break down molecules
| * form types of lipids
81
Mitochondrial
* powerhouse of the cell
| * ATP production
82
Ribosomes
*protein synthesis
83
Na+/K+ pump process
* Active transport
* ATP
* 3 Na+ from cell to interstitial fluid
* 2K+ from interstitial fluid to cell
* moves against gradient
84
Central dogma of biology
DNA-->RNA-->Protein
85
Simple squamous epithelium location
air sacs
lining of lymph vessels
blood vessels
serous membranes
86
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
thyroid gland follicles
surface of ovary
kidney tubules
secretory regions
87
Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium location
digestive tract
88
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium location
larger bronchioles
| uterine tubes
89
Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium location
```
larger airways
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
```
90
non ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium location
male urethra
epididymis
RARE
91
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location
skin
92
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location
```
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
vagina
anus
```
93
stratified cuboidal epithelium location
exocrine glands
male urethra
ovarian follicles
94
stratified columnar epithelium location
salivary glands
| male urethra
95
Transitional epithelium location
urinary bladder
ureters
urethra
96
Endocrine definition
Secrete hormones directly into the blood
| ex:// thyroid gland
97
Exocrine definition
Secretions released onto epithelial surface by a duct
| ex:// sweat glands, salivary glands
98
Skeletal muscle tissue characteristics
```
Long
Cylindrical
Striated
Parallel & unbranched
Multinucleated
Voluntary control
```
99
Skeletal muscle tissue function and location
Moving skeleton
Bones, some skin
100
Cardiac muscle tissue characteristics
```
Short
Striated
Typically branched
1-2 nuclei
Involuntary
```
101
Cardiac muscle tissue function and location
Pumps blood through heart
Heart wall (myocardium)
102
Smooth muscle tissue characteristics
```
Nonstriated
Short
Fusiform
1 nucleus
Involuntary
```
103
Smooth muscle tissue function and location
Propels materials though internal organs
controls size of lumen
Walls of hollow organs such as urinary bladder and blood vessels
104
Functions of neurons
receive, send, and process nerve impulses
105
Functions of glial cells
Protect, nourish, and support neurons
106
Serous membrane definition and location
Lines body cavities that typically do not open to external environment
Pleura of the lungs
