Module 1: from macromolecules to cellular function

Question 1

does not have a membrane bound nucleus

Answer 1

prokaryotic cells

Question 2

sexual and asexual reproduction mitosis and meiosis

Answer 2

eukaryotic cells

Question 3

no cytoskeleton

Answer 3

prokaryotic cells

Question 4

structure and function of the nucleus

Answer 4

double membrane with nuclear pores, contains chromatin

function - stores genetic material DNA controls cell activity and directs synthesis of proteins and rna

Question 5

structure and function of Er

Answer 5

Networks of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae,

function - rough er synthesizes proteins and modified proteins, smooth er synthesized lipid, detox drugs poisons stored calcium ions

Question 6

Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

stacked membranes bound sacs or cisternae, distinct polarity , cis and trans faces

modified sorts and packages proteins and lipids received from er for transport to other parts of the cell or secretion

Question 7

lysosomes

Answer 7

membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes
breaks down macromolecules such as proteins and lipids and older or damaged organelles, involved in cellular waste disposal

Question 8

vesicles

Answer 8

small membrane bound sacs that transport material

transport materials from different organelles in the endomembrane system (er to golgi)

Question 9

peroxisomes

Answer 9

membrane bound vesicles with enzymes such as catalase

detoxified harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide, breaks down fatty acids

Question 10

plasma membrane

Answer 10

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
selectively permeable membrane that regulates the entry and exit of substances,

Question 11

s

Question 12

vacuoles

Answer 12

large membrane bound sacs, prominent in plant cells , storage of water nutrients and waste products, helps maintain turgor pressure

Question 13

membrane bound organelles with inner folds called thylakoids and stroma. site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy contains own DNA and ribosomes

Answer 13

chloroplasts

Question 14

Double membrane, outer membrane smooth and permeable to small molecules and ions, inner membrane highly folded cisternae, contains enzymes for electron transport chain and atp synthesis.

primary function- ATP production by cellular respiration in three stages

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

three stages of cellular respiration

Answer 15

1- glycolysis
2- citric acid cycle
3 oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain

Question 17

where Dna is found in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 17

Nucleoid, free floating and not membrane bound

Question 18

prokaryotic cells do not have

Answer 18

mitochondria, nuclear envelope, ER, chloroplasts

Question 19

chromatin

Answer 19

combination of DNA and protein

Question 20

centrosome

Answer 20

made up of centrioles

Question 21

a protein that functions in the plasma membrane of cell was synthesized in the

Answer 21

rough er

Question 22

a cell that secretes a lot of protein would have a lot of

Answer 22

Golgi apparatus

Question 23

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 23

suggests that an early ancestor eukaryotic cells engulfed and oxygen using prokaryotic cell that was either autotrophic or heterotrophic

Question 24

proteins that do not span the whole
membrane, only partway through the hydrophobic interior

Answer 24

integral proteins

Question 25

proteins that span whole membrane

Answer 25

transmembrane proteins

Question 26

proteins that do not penetrate the membrane at all loosely bound to the surface

Answer 26

peripheral proteins

Question 27

6 major functions carried out by proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 27

transportation enzymatic activity signal transduction cell to cell recognition intercellular joining attacking to cytoskeleton and ECM

Question 28

these molecules that easily cross phospholipid bilayer

Answer 28

hydrocarbons and non polar molecules because they are hydrophobic and can cross the lipid bilayers hydrophobic interior

Question 29

these molecules cannot cross the philips blister easily

Answer 29

hydrophobic polar molecules such as water

Question 30

loss of electrons is called

Answer 30

oxidation

Question 31

addition of electrons is called

Answer 31

reduction

Question 32

partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel without the use of oxygen

Answer 32

fermentation

Question 33

more efficient that fermentation used oxygen and a reactant along with organic fuel

Answer 33

aerobic respiration

Question 34

1- glycolysis

Answer 34

-occurs in cytosol, breaks down one glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvate can be divided into energy investments phase and energy payoff phase. energy investment phase - glucose is phosphorlated before it is split into two three carbon molecules payoff phase - 2 ATP AND 2 NADH are produced per glucose molecule net energy yielded to prepare pyruvate to enter citric acid cycle, it is oxidized and decarboxylatied, and the removed electrons are used to reduce NAD to NADH

Question 35

2 Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

Answer 35

pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA, and acetylCoa is oxidized into CO2 - electron carriers NADH and FADH2 Transfer electrons derived from glucose to electron transport chains - most of NADH produced for electron transport chain is produced here - at the end of citric acid cycle 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH are produced

Question 36

net products at the end of glycolysis per glucose molecule

Answer 36

2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 37

produced at the end of citric acid cycle

Answer 37

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

Question 38

most of NADH produced for electron transport chain is produced here

Answer 38

citric acid cycle

Question 39

oxidative phosphorylation - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Answer 39

electron transport chain converts chemical energy to a form used for ATP synthesis in chemiosmosis - at the end of the chain the electrons are combined with molecules oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water - energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondria can used to make ATP from ADP. this is oxidative phosphorylation. inner membrane of mitochondria is site of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, together making oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 40

_____ acccounts for 90 % of ATP generated by respiration

Answer 40

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 41

muscle tissue makes lactate from ____ to _____ which can then be used to oxidize sugar by glycolysis

Answer 41

pyruvate, regenerate NAD

Question 42

sacs containing chlorophyll sacs together called grams.

Answer 42

thylakoid

Question 43

contains photo stems 1 and 2, found within chloroplast

Answer 43

thylakoid

Question 44

had two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called steins, thylakoids are suspended here

Answer 44

chloroplast

Question 45

which photo system functions first in light reactions

Answer 45

2

Question 46

electrons from photosystems 2 comes from

Answer 46

splitting of water molecules

Question 47

two stages of photosynthesis

Answer 47

light reactions and calvin cycle

Question 48

site of light reactions

Answer 48

thylakoid

Question 49

site of calvin cycle

Answer 49

stroma

Question 50

in photosynthesis, _____is ___ and ______ is _____

Answer 50

water is oxidized, Co2 is reduced

Question 51

three stages of calvin cycle

Answer 51

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of co2 acceptors RuBP is regenerated

Question 52

photostrms consist of these structures

Answer 52

chlorophyll, reaction centre complex, primary electron acceptor light harvesting complex

Question 53

situated between upper and lower epidermal layers of leaf

Answer 53

mesophyll

Question 54

these cells contains chloroplasts

Answer 54

parenchyma cells

Question 55

a microscopic pore in leaf that allows for gas exchange

Answer 55

stomata

Question 56

this reaction consumes water to produce oxygen

Answer 56

light reactions

Question 57

the energy used to produce ATP in the light reaction comes from

Answer 57

the movement of H+ through a membrane