Module 1: Fundamental Concepts and Issues

Question 1

It is about systematizing and recommending notions of what is right and wrong behavior.

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

It is about what is acceptable and unacceptable in human behavior which may involve obligations that we are expected to fulfill, prohibitions that we are required to respect, and ideals that we are encouraged to meet.

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

In general, it is all about the systematic study of notions related to morality as well as it digs into the moral issues that we encounter in our everyday life.

Answer 3

Ethics

Question 4

The field of _____ (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2020).

Answer 4

ethics

Question 5

The term _____ has _____, whereas the term _____ stems from _____, but both words originally referred to _____.

Answer 5

1. morality
2. Latin roots
3. ethics
4. classical Greek
5. respectable behavior in a given society

Question 6

_____ can be used either descriptively or normatively.

Answer 6

Morality

Question 7

Morality in its _____ refers to certain codes of conduct put forward by a society or a group
such as a religion.

Answer 7

descriptive sense

Question 8

Morality in its _____ it refers to a code of conduct that would be put forward by all rational persons given in specified conditions.

Answer 8

normative sense

Question 9

In other words, if we use “morality” in its _____ we will almost certainly deny that there is a universal morality that applies to all human person since standards of societies may vary. However, if we use “morality” in its _____, we will all hold that morality refers to a code of conduct that applies to all who can understand it and can govern our behavior by it (Gert 2016).

Answer 9

1. descriptive sense
2. normative sense

Question 10

_____ on the other hand, “refers to the discipline that examines the moral
standards of an individual or society. Therefore, ethics is the study of _____”
(Evangelista and Mabaquiao 2020, p. 2).

Answer 10

1. Ethics
2. morality

Question 11

As a _____, _____ is systematic in its approach. By systematic it means that it follows a certain process to understand, analyze, recommend and defend _____ as they relate to the welfare of individuals, their relationships with one another including the environment. Its analysis is based on _____.

Answer 11

1. philosophical discipline
2. ethics
3. matters of right and wrong
4. sound and logical reasons based on facts and ethical theories

Question 12

A _____ reports how people, particularly groups, think about
right and wrong, acceptable or not acceptable, how they behave, or how they reason about ethics. This kind of study is often the work of the _____ such as _____.

Answer 12

1. descriptive study of ethics
2. social-scientist
3. historians, sociologists, anthropologists

Question 13

Emphasis must be made that _____ is not an area of _____.

Answer 13

1. descriptive study of ethics
2. moral philosophy

Question 14

On the other hand, the _____ is often done in philosophy. It is concerned with the moral standards to determine right from wrong conduct. It involves the _____ that can serve as a basis of the kinds of actions, institutions, and ways of life we should pursue (Evangelista and Mabaquiao, 2020).

Answer 14

1. normative study of ethics
2. formulation of moral norms

Question 15

_____ are usually adopted through _____, whereas _____ is an _____ that is learned academically.

Answer 15

1. Moral beliefs and convictions
2. social interaction
3. ethics
4. academic discipline

Question 16

There are ethics courses and exams, but there are no equivalent activities for _____; there are _____, both in everyday life and in more extraordinary situations. An _____ on these tests determine whether that person is living
under his or her _____ (Knalves 2020).

Answer 16

1. morality
2. only moral tests
3. individual’s actions
4. moral convictions

Question 17

The significance of _____ is it will guide the individuals
to assess and to justify their _____ by the aid of
_____.

Answer 17

1. ethics
2. morals
3. sound ethical frameworks

Question 18

Philosophers usually divide ethical
theories into three general subject areas: _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 18

1. metaethics
2. normative ethics
3. applied ethics

Question 19

_____ investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.

Answer 19

Metaethics

Question 20

Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our emotions?

Metaethical answers to these questions focus on the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 20

1. issues of universal truths
2. the will of God
3. the role of reason in ethical judgments
4. he meaning of ethical terms themselves

Question 21

_____ takes on a _____, which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others.

Answer 21

1. Normative ethics
2. more practical task

Question 22

_____ involves examining _____, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital
punishment, or nuclear war (Fieser, 2020).

Answer 22

1. applied ethics
2. specific controversial issues

Question 23

Furthermore, by using the _____ of metaethics and normative ethics,
discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these controversial issues.

Answer 23

theoretical tools

Question 24

Characteristic of moral standards further distinguish it from non-moral
standards (Mañebog 2016):

Moral standards deal with matters which can seriously impact, that is, to injure or benefit individuals. Unlike the case with many non-moral standards, for example, following or violating some basketball rules may matter in basketball games but does not necessarily affect one’s life or wellbeing. Thus, moral standards are only concerned with serious actions or significant benefits that involve an individual’s life or wellbeing.

Answer 24

Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.

Question 25

Characteristic of moral standards further distinguish it from non-moral standards (Mañebog 2016): Moral standards have an overriding importance. If a moral standard states that a person has the moral obligation to do something, then he/she is supposed to do that even if it conflicts with other non-moral standards, and even with self-interest.

Answer 25

Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.

Question 26

Characteristic of moral standards further distinguish it from non-moral standards (Mañebog 2016): Moral standards are not invented or made by authoritative individuals such as legislative bodies, although, these moral standards ought to be considered in the process of making laws. However, moral standards cannot be changed nor nullified by the decisions of a particular authoritative body. Nonetheless, one thing about these standards, is that its validity lies in the soundness or adequacy of the reasons that are considered to support and justify them.

Answer 26

Moral standards are not established by authority figures.

Question 27

Characteristic of moral standards further distinguish it from non-moral standards (Mañebog 2016): This means that everyone should live up to moral standards. However, this entails that moral principles must apply to all who are in the relevantly similar in situation. This characteristic is exemplified in the Gold Rule, “Do unto others what you would them do unto you”

Answer 27

Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.

Question 28

_____ refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations. These standards are either not necessarily linked to or by nature lack ethical sense.

Answer 28

Non-moral standards

Question 29

Give basic examples of non-moral standards.

Answer 29

• rules of etiquette • fashion standards • house rules or in games

Question 30

In other words, _____ refer to those standards which we judge as good or bad in a non-moral way.

Answer 30

non-moral standards

Question 31

A _____ is a situation that requires a choice between two options that are equally undesirable or unsatisfactory.

Answer 31

dilemma

Question 32

A _____ is a situation in which the decision-maker has to give priority to one moral value over another.

Answer 32

moral dilemma

Question 33

There are non-moral dilemmas in which the choice is between options that are undesirable or unsatisfactory for some reasons other than _____.

Answer 33

morality

Question 34

Example of Non-Moral Dilemma

Answer 34

If a person wants to buy both a book and a shirt but can only afford to purchase one of them, choosing one over the other will inevitably lead to disappointment, in that it will fulfill only one of the two desires. There need not be any moral dimension to this decision for it to be a dilemma.

Question 35

In terms of morality, a _____ is a situation in which the decision-maker has to give priority to one moral value over another. Such dilemmas arise when an individual is faced with a difficult situation such as two or more values which are conflicting, or when an individual is assessing another’s moral choice.

Answer 35

moral dilemma

Question 36

True or False: The individual who faces a dilemma must decide which moral duty to prioritize (Kvalnes 2019).

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Consider the moral dilemma by Knalves (2019).

Answer 37

Module 1, Page 8

Question 38

True or False: Understanding the nature of moral dilemmas is an important prerequisite to identifying them and finding ways in which to deal with them responsibly (Kvalnes 2019).

Answer 38

True