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ANAT 471 > Module 1: Gametogenesis and Fertilization > Flashcards

Module 1: Gametogenesis and Fertilization Flashcards

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1
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-process by which spermatozoa (sperm cells) develop from germ cells in the testes

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2
Q

Steps of spermatogenesis

A

-mitosis
-meiosis I
-meiosis II

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3
Q

Product of spermatogenesis

A

-4 spermatids
-undergo spermiogenesis to develop into mature spermatozoa

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4
Q

Key features of spermatozoon (parts)

A

-head (acrosome)
-head (nucleus)
-midpiece
-tail

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5
Q

Head (acrosome) function

A

-allows binding and penetration of sperm with ovum by releasing enzymes (acrosome reaction)

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6
Q

Head (nucleus) function

A

-contains nucleus and acrosome

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7
Q

Midpiece function

A

-contains mitochondria and glycogen to provide energy for movement

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8
Q

Tail function

A

-propels sperm through female reproductive tract

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9
Q

Anatomy of ovary

A

-germinal epithelium
-tunica albugnea
-cortex
-medulla

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10
Q

Germinal epithelium of ovary

A

-outermost layer

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11
Q

Tunica albuginea of ovary

A

-collagenous connective tissue layer

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12
Q

Cortex of ovary

A

-outer layer containing ovarian follicles

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13
Q

Medulla of ovary

A

-highly vascular inner layer

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14
Q

Steps of oogenesis

A

-mitosis
-meiosis I
-meiosis II

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15
Q

Products of oogenesis

A

-ovum
-3 polar bodies

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16
Q

What is special about meiosis II for oogenesis

A

-requires fertilization

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17
Q

Key features of the ovum

A

-zona pellucida
-corona radiata

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18
Q

Zona pellucida

A

-glycoprotein membrane that surrounds plasma membrane
-consists of ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3
-ZP3 is important sperm receptor and is responsible for initiating acrosome reaction

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19
Q

Corona radiata

A

-outer layer of follicular cells that form around developing oocyte and remain with it upon ovulation

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20
Q

Folliculogenesis steps

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. graafian follicle
  5. ovulation
  6. corpus luteum
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21
Q

Primordial follicle

A

-starting at puberty each month, small number of them will undergo more growth and only one of them will reach full development and ovulate
-consists of primary oocyte arrested in meiosis 1

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22
Q

Primary follicle

A

-primary oocyte
-grow in zona pellucida

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23
Q

Secondary follicle

A

-innermost layer attaches to zona pellucida forming corona radiata
-outermost cell layer differentiates into theca interna and theca externa

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24
Q

Graafian follicle

A

-referred to as this when reaching a diameter of about 2.5 cm
-will cause surface of ovary to budge

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25
Ovulation
-involves rupture of mature follicle and release of ovum
26
Corpus luteum
-temporary endocrine gland formed by remnants of mature follicle after ovulation
27
Nondisjuction
-failure of chromosomes to distribute normally during meiosis leading to formation of gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
28
Seminal fluid components
-semen -seminal fluid
29
Male reproductive accessory glands
-seminal vesicles -prostate gland -bulbourethral glands
30
Seminal vesicles
-produce molecules such as fructose that serve as energy sources for sperm
31
Prostate gland
-contributes additional fluid to ejaculate that is nourishment for sperm
32
Bulbourethal glands
-produce fluid that lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidity associated with residual urine
33
Sperm transport from testes to urethra order
-testes -epididymis -vas deferens -accessory glands -urethra
34
Testes function
-sperm produced here -then move through tubular network
35
Epididymis function
-sperm mature here while stored
36
Accessory glands function
-secretions from here are added, and then this fluid travels through the ejaculatory duct
37
Urethra function
-semen exits penis through urethra
38
Sperm transport in female reproductive tract
-some are carried from vagina to ampulla of fallopian tube by contractions -remaining sperm stay in the crypts of the cervix
39
Where is the normal site of fertilization
-ampulla
40
Capacitation
-biochemical changes that allow for increased sperm motility and metabolism
41
When approx does capacitation happen
-4-6 hours in
42
Acrosome reaction
-enzyme release that allows binding and penetration of sperm with ovum
43
The four cellular events of fertilization
1. preparation of sperm 2. corona radiata 3. zona pellucida 4. fusion of plasma membranes
44
Preparation of sperm
-sperm swims towards egg
45
Corona radiata
-acrosomal reaction spontaneously triggered, corona radiata penetrated
46
Zona pellucida
-additional acrosomal enzymes for penetration of this layer, then cortical reaction is initiated
47
Cortical reaction
-means that layer (zona pellucida) is now impermeable to other sperm
48
Fusion of plasma membranes
-plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse -results in sperms head and tail to be released
49
Formation of zygote (second meiotic division)
-this happens after the plasma membranes have fused -forms a mature ovum and a second polar body
50
Male pronucleus
-formation of this while tail degenerates, during growth, the male and female pronuclei replicate their dna
51
Pronuclear membrane breakdown
-start to breakdown to allow fusion of pronuclei and reorganization of chromosomes occurs
52
When does the first cleavage division occur
-approx 24 hours after production of second polar body
53
Blastomeres
-cells derived from cleavage
54
Morula
-16 cell embryo formed of blastomeres into a compact mass
55
When does cleavage end
-with the formation of a blastocyst
56
Compaction
-transformation from a loose cluster of cells to a tightly packed mass (morula)
57
Blastocyst formation approx time
-around 4 days after fertilization
58
Differentiation of blastocyst cells
-inner cells (embryoblast) -outer cells (trophoblast)
59
Embryoblast cells function
-will form the embryo, the amniotic membrane and the lining of the primitive yolk sac
60
Trophoblast cells function
-responsible for phenomenon of implantation and for the formation of the placenta
61
Layers of the uterine wall
-endometrium -myometrium -perimetrium
62
Endometrium
-inner layer
63
Endometrium function
-supports embryo development through placenta
64
2 sublayers of the endometrium
-stratum functionalis -stratum basalis
65
Myometrium
-intermediate layer
66
Myometrium function
-induce uterine contractions which propel sperm to ampulla
67
Perimetrium
-outer layer
68
Perimetrium function
-secretes lubricating fluid to help reduce friction
69
Implantation
-process in which blastocyst attached to wall of uterus
70
Implantation day 6
-blastocyst formed -zona pellucida dissapears -trophoblast begins to penetrate endometrium
71
Implantation day 7
-trophoblasts differentiate into 2 layers: cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
72
Cytotrophoblast
-inner layer
73
Synctiotrophoblast
-outer layer
74
Which trophoblast layer invades the endometrium
-synctiotrophoblast
75
Implantation day 8
-embryoblast differentiations into hypoblast and epiblast -bilaminar disc is formed that now separates 2 cavities
76
Implantation day 9
-synctiotrophoblasts invade endometrial capillaries, creating lacunae
77
What does hypoblast give rise to
-extraembryonic mesoderm -develops between cytotrophoblast and outer surface of primitive yolk sac
78
Implantation day 10
-embryo is fully embedded in endometrium
79
Implantation day 12
-extraembryonic mesoderm separates to form coelomic spaces
80
2 layers of the mesoderm
-somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
81
Implantation day 14
-coelomic spaces merge to form chorionic cavity
82
Chorionic cavity
-grows to surround the amniotic cavity and yolk sac except at a region called the connecting stalk
83
What does the connecting stalk form
-the umbilical cord
83
Ectopic pregnancy
-implantation outside of the uterus
84
How does ectopic pregnancy happen
-if the cilia are damaged, the zygote can remain in the fallopian tubes and become implanted
84
Most common location for ectopic pregnancy
-fallopian tubes
85
How can damage to the cilia occur
-can occur from built up scar tissue or risk factors such as smoking
86
Other possible locations of ectopic pregnancy
-ampulla -isthmus -fimbria -abdominal cavity -ovary -cervix
87
Symptoms presentation of ectopic pregnancy
-pain and bleeding -usually around 7 weeks
88
When does compaction happen
-at 8 cell stage
89
What are the inner cells of a blastocyst called
-embryoblast
90
What are the outer cells of a blastocyst called
-trophoblast

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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