Module 1 Gross Anatomy of Brain Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
At the beginning of development, the brain starts as a ______ and as the sides of this structures continue to
grow, they will eventually meet. It later forms the
_______.
A
neural groove
neural tube
2
Q
Rostral part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain
A
frontal pole (anterior)
3
Q
caudal part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain
A
occipital pole (posterior)
4
Q
dorsal part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain
A
superior
5
Q
ventral part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain
A
inferior
6
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of ____ and _____.
A
brain and spinal cord
7
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of ______ and ______
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
8
Q
__________nervous system is part cranial, part
peripheral
A
autonomic
9
Q
• Approx. weight of the brain
A
1.4kg or 1400g
2% of body weight
10
Q
It act as transducers; change chemical stimuli into nerve impulses.
A
Brain receptors
11
Q
What are the 4 subdivisions of the brain?
A
- cerebral hemispheres
- brainstem
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
12
Q
Later in the development, telencephalon becomes the ______
A
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
13
Q
Part of the brain that connects cerebrum to spinal cord.
A
BRAINSTEM
14
Q
3 parts of the brainstem in early development
A
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
15
Q
The shortest division of the
brainstem.
A
Mesencephalon/midbrain
16
Q
Mesencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.
A
midbrain
17
Q
Metencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.
A
pons
18
Q
Myelencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.
A
medulla oblongata
19
Q
The anatomic and functional interface between the
brainstem and forebrain.
A
DIENCEPHALON
20
Q
Cerebellum is a derivative of __________ that develops from the
_____ thickening about the rostral borders
of the ______ (rhombic lip).
A
metencephalon
ectodermal
4th ventricle
21
Q
The region above the tentorium (aka tentorium cerebelli)
A
Cerebellum
22
Q
___________ is an extension of the dura mater that separates the _______ from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.
A
Tentorium Cerebelli
cerebellum
23
Q
True or False: Pons and cerebellum function as one unit.
A
True
24
Q
It is the gateway from cerebral cortex to the
cerebellum since fibers pass through it.
A
pons
25
The lowest part of the brainstem.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
26
It is considered as the 5th ventricle (in some books) because
its distal or most caudal portion is enlarged.
CENTRAL CANAL
27
Meninges that is tough, white, dense connective tissue that has many blood vessels and nerves.
DURA MATER
28
3 partitions of the dura matter
Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
29
A partition or extension of the dura matter that separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres.
Falx cerebelli
30
A partition or extension of the dura matter that extends downward into the longitudinal fissure, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Falx cerebri
31
A partition or extension of the dura matter that separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
Tentorium cerebelli
32
(meninges)
| A thin, web-like membrane that lacks blood vessels.
ARACHNOID MATER
33
(meninges)
It is very thin and has many nerves and blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord. It is also intimately bound to the brain.
PIA MATER
34
3 meninges of the brain
dura, pia and arachnoid mater
35
What are the 2 spaces between the layers of the meninges?
CLUES:
One is a potential space below the dura mater.
The other contains has clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Subdural space
| Subarachnoid space
36
Pus in potential space of the brain is called _____ while pus in a non-potential space or solid tissue is called _______.
1. Empyema (e.g. subdural empyema)
| 2. Abscess
37
It is consist of a highly convoluted gray cortex (pallium or mantle), an underlying white matter and a basal ganglia.
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
38
Cerebral hemispheres are partially separated from each other by __________ fissure which in situ contains _______ (an extension of the dura mater).
1. longitudinal fissure
| 2. falx cerebri
39
# Choose inside the parenthesis:
```
Hemisphere separation in frontal and occipital regions
is ____ (complete or incomplete).
```
complete
40
Central region is a fissure in the cerebral hemisphere that extends only up to ______
corpus callosum
41
What are the 6 lobes (4 are true and 2 are not true) of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Parietal
4. Occipital
5. Insular (not a true lobe)
6. Limbic (not a true lobe)
42
A cortical area buried in the depths of the lateral
| sulcus.
INSULA
43
a highly heterogenous entity on the medial aspect of the hemisphere; surround the upper part of the brainstem
LIMBIC
44
A highly heterogenous entity on the medial aspect of the hemisphere; surround the upper part of the brainstem
LIMBIC
45
The largest part of the mature brain. It consists of two large masses, or hemispheres.
CEREBRUM
46
5 basic parts of cerebrum
```
Corpus Callosum
Gyri
Sulci
White matter
Basal ganglia
```
47
Part of the cerebrum that connects the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
48
raised areas of the brain
Gyri
49
depressed areas of the brains
Sulci
50
Central core deep to the cortex that forms the bulk
| of the cerebrum and represents fiber tract
White matter
51
________is buried within the mass of white matter. It is a collection of neuron cell bodies.
Basal ganglia
52
fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure)
53
Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure) begins inferiorly at the ______ extends posteriorly and separates the frontal and temporal lobes.
Sylvian fossa
54
(sulcus) that surrounds the insula and separates it from the adjacent frontal, parietal,and temporal lobes
Circular sulcus (circuminsular fissure)
55
deep median fissure that separates the
| hemispheres
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
56
sulcus that arises about the middle of the hemisphere, beginning near the longitudinal cerebral fissure and extending downward and forward to about 2.5cm above the lateral cerebral fissure
Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
57
sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal
| lobe
Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
58
fissure that passes along the medial surface of the posterior
portion of the cerebral hemisphere and then runs
downward and forward as a deep cleft
Parieto-occipital fissure
59
Parieto-occipital fissure separates _____ lobe from the ____ lobe.
parietal, occipital
60
begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere near the occipital pole and extends forward to an area slightly below the splenium of the corpus callosum
Calcarine fissure
61
fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Transverse fissure
62
Cavities within the cerebrum
1. Right and left lateral ventricles
| 2. Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
63
two closely adjoined non-nervous tissue that separates the two lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
64
foramen that serves as the communication between lateral ventricles and third ventricle
Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
65
Protruding into each lateral ventricle is _____ which functions to manufacture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
choroid plexus
66
posteriormost gyrus, consists of the primary motor area
Precentral gyrus
67
Region anterior to the precentral sulcus subdivided
| into ___,____, and ____.
superior, middle, and inferior gyri
68
Inferior frontal gyrus is demarcated by extensions of the lateral fissure into 3 subregions namely ____, ____, ____.
pars triangularis, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis
69
found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, functions in the production of speech
Broca’s area
70
two aspects of Broca’s area
1. Motor aspect (ability to speak)
| 2. Receptive aspect (ability to understand)
71
(seen in inferior aspect of cerebrum)
| Partly occupied by the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
Olfactory sulcus
72
inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered medially by _____
gyrus rectus (straight gyrus)
73
inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered laterally by _____
orbital gyri
74
inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered posteriorly by _____
olfactory tract bifurcates to form the lateral and
| medial olfactory striae
75
intervening area between the two striae and is triangular in shape, borders the anterior perforated
Olfactory trigone
76
lobe that is interposed between the frontal and occipital lobes and
is situated above the temporal lobe
PARIETAL LOBE
77
anterior border of parietal lobe
central sulcus
78
Posterior border on the medial aspect of parietal lobe is bordered by _____
parieto-occipital sulcus
79
anteriormost gyrus, is the primary somesthetic
area to which primary somatosensory
information is channeled from the contralateral
half of the body
Postcentral gyrus
80
an association area involved in somatosensory
| function
Superior parietal lobule
81
integrates auditory, visual, and somatosensory
| information
Supramarginal gyrus
82
receives visual input
Angular gyrus
83
Inferior parietal lobule is separated into the ___ and ___.
Supramarginal gyrus
| Angular gyrus
84
inferior continuation of the parietooccipital sulcus
Calcarine fissure
85
Calcarine fissure is subdivided into 2 major structures namely __ and __.
Posterior paracentral lobule (anteriorly positioned, a continuation of the postcentral gyrus) and precuneus (posteriorly situated)
86
Temporal lobes lies ventral to the to the _____ sulcus. It is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the
____ fissure. It is separated from the occipital lobe by _____.
_______ is the anterior most aspect of the
temporal lobe.
1. lateral
2. lateral
3. an imaginary plane that passes through the parieto-occipital sulcus
4. Temporal pole
87
_____ lobe extends from the occipital pole to the parieto occipital sulcus
This lobe rests on the ______.
occipital
| tentorium cerebella
88
In the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe, ____ and _____ are separated from each other by the horizontally running lateral occipital sulcus
Collateral sulcus 1. superior and 2. inferior gyri
89
IN THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF OCCIPITAL LOBE:
The occipital lobe is subdivided by the ____ into:
1. _______ -which is superiorly located
2. _______-which is inferiorly positioned
3. _______-which separates the first two.
1. calcarine sulcus
2. Cuneate gyrus (cuneus)
3. Lingual gyrus
4. Calcarine fissure
90
A cortical tissue on each bank of the calcarine
| fissure, which forms the primary visual cortex
Striate cortex (calcarine cortex)
91
The INSULA forms the floor of the ____ sulcus. It is submerged within the _____;
The insula is completely circumscribed by the _____.
1. lateral
2. cerebrum
3. circular sulcus
92
In the lateral surface of insula, it is subdivided into several short and long
gyri (most prominent is located posteriorly)
Insula is believed to be associated with ____ and _____ functions
taste
| other visceral
93
functions Is a hemispherical region on the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and the diencephalon
LIMBIC LOBE
94
_____ is composed of myelinated nerve fibers of varied sizes and their supporting neuralgia. These nerve fibers are classified into 3 categories namely:
___, ___, and ____.
white matter
commissural (transverse)
projection fibers
association fibers
95
____ type are bundles of axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
COMMISSURAL FIBERS (TRANSVERSE FIBERS)
96
connects the neocortex of the right
| hemispherewith the left
Corpus callosum
97
fibers that are restricted to a single hemisphere and connects the cerebral hemisphere with lower levels namely the corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord
PROJECTION FIBERS
98
______ FIBERS connect regions of a hemisphere to other regions of the
same hemisphere. Also called as ____
Subdivided into major categories:
1. ______
connect adjacent gyri; do not usually reach the subcortical white matter of the cerebral cortex; most are confined to the
corical gray matter
2. ______
connect adjacent gyri; consist of the ff fiber tracts: the uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and frontooccipital fasciculus
association
arcuate fibers
1. short arcuate fibers
2. long arcuate fibers
99
Parts of Corpus callosum
Rostrum, genu, body and splenium
100
Separates the corpus callosum from the cingulated gyrus
Callosal sulcus
101
_____ are large collections of cell bodies that are embedded deep in the white matter of the brain. These large subcortical nuclear masses derived mostly from the_____. It consists of some ____ nuclei and _____
nuclei that, when damaged, produce _____ disorders
1. basal ganglia
2. telencephalon
3. deep cerebral
4. deep cerebral
5. movement
102
basal ganglia is composed of ____, _____, _____,
| and _______
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
the amygdaloid nuclear complex.
103
refers to putamen and globus pallidus
Lenticular nucleus
104
1. _____ is the largest and most lateral component of lenticular nucleus. It lies between the external medullary lamina of the 2. ____ and 2. ____
It is traversed by numerous fascicles of myelinate fibers directed 3. ____ toward the globus pallidus
Its rostral part is continuous with the 4. _____.
1. PUTAMEN
2. globus pallidus and the external capsule
3. ventromedially
4. head of the caudate nucleus
105
1. ______forms the most medial part of the lentiform nucleus. It consists of 2 segments separated by the 2. _____
This appears pale and homogenous
Its medial border formed largely by the fibers of the 3. ______.
1. Globus pallidus
2. internal medullary lamina
3. posterior limb of the internal capsule
106
_____ an elongated, arched gray mass and is related to the lateral cerebral ventricle.
It consists of head which protrudes into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, and body which lies dorsolateral
to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, and tail which follows the curvature of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe.
The tail terminates in the region of the _____.
1. Caudate nucleus
| 2. amygdaloid nuclear complex
107
_____is a gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe which underlies the uncus.
It lies dorsal to the hippocampal formation and rostral to the tip of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
It gives rise to the fibers of the ______.
1. amygdaloid nuclear complex
| 2. stria terminalis
108
Amygdaloid complex is more closely related to the ______ than to the basal ganglia
limbic system
109
____ is an ependyma-lined cavities of the cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricles
110
5 parts of lateral ventricles
```
Anterior (frontal) horn
Ventricular body
Collateral (atrium) trigone
Inferior (temporal) horn
Posterior (occipital) horn
```
111
Lie between the fibers of the internal capsule and are flanked dorsolaterally by the body and tail of the caudate nucleus
THALAMUS AND EPITHALAMUS
112
what emerges from the dorsal part of the midbrain caudal to the inferior colliculus?
Trochlear nerve (N. IV)
113
an unpaired symmetric ventricle that overlies the pons and medulla
Rhomboid fossa
114
____ comes from myelencephalon. It extends from the foramen magnum to the caudal border of the pons.
MEDULLA
115
CRANIAL NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MEDULLA ARE:
1. _______- emerge from preolivary fissure
2. _______- postolivary sulcus
3. _______-postolivary sulcus
4. _______-postolivary sulcus
5. _______
```
Hypoglossal (N. XII)
Accessory (N. XI)
Vagus (N. X)
Glossopharyngeal (N. IX
Vestibulocochlear (N. VIII))
```
