Module 1 Highlighted Slides

Question 1

Key Questions in an Article Appraisal

Answer 1

1. Valid study?
2. What are the results?
3. Will results help my patients?

Question 2

CASP Elements when Appraising an Article

Answer 2

Rigor
Credibility
Relevance

Question 3

CASP Rigor

Answer 3

methodological rigor and appropriateness of methods

Question 4

CASP Credibility

Answer 4

presentation and meaningfulness of results

Question 5

CASP Relevance

Answer 5

relevance of study and usefulness of applicability

Question 6

What is the research question for Etiology?

Answer 6

What cause illness?

Question 7

What is the research question for diagnosis?

Answer 7

What does the test result mean in this patient?

Question 8

What is the research question for prognosis?

Answer 8

What is likely to happen?

Question 9

What is the research question for harm?

Answer 9

If having been exposed to this substance likely to do harm and if so, what?

Question 10

What is the research question for effectiveness?

Answer 10

If this treatment likely to help patients with this illness?

Question 11

What is the research question for qualitative questions?

Answer 11

What outcomes are most important to the patients with this condition?`

Question 12

Study design for this question:
Etiology and Risk Factors

Answer 12

cohort and case-cntrl studies

Question 13

Study design for this question:
Incidence and prevalance

Answer 13

cohort or cross-sectional

Question 14

Study design for this question:
Harm

Answer 14

cohort and case-control studies

Question 15

Study design for this question:
Prognosis

Answer 15

cohort/survival studies

Question 16

Study design for this question:
Value for money

Answer 16

economic valuation
-cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit study

Question 17

Study design for this question:
Effectiveness

Answer 17

randomized control trial

Question 18

Study design for this question:
Diagnosis

Answer 18

Diagnostic test study or RCT

Question 19

Study design for this question:
Patient experience

Answer 19

qualitative study (questionnaires, focus group, interview)

Question 20

Sources for strength of evidence

Answer 20

-sampling
-research methods: hierarchy for strength of evidence and oxford center for evidence based medicine hierarchy

Question 21

Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine 5 Levels of Evidence

Answer 21

1. RCTs and prospective studies
2. Cohort Studies
3. Case-control studies
4. Case series, poorly designed cohort and case control studies
5. anecdotal evidence, animal research, bench research, unpublished clinical observations

Question 22

Research Evidence Pyramid Levels (top to bottom)

Answer 22

Systematic reviews
Randomized clinical trials
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Case series
Case studies
Narrative reviews, expert opinion, textbook

Question 23

Prospective Study Design

Answer 23

gold standard
followed over time

Question 24

Retrospective Study Design

Answer 24

patients already have impairment of interest

Question 25

Sections of Research Article

Answer 25

Title Abstract Body: -Introduction -Methods -Results -Discussion (conclusions and/or clinical significance)

Question 26

Clinical research categories

Answer 26

basic science or bench research field research translational research

Question 27

Basic science or bench research

Answer 27

lab environment with tightly controlled conditions

Question 28

Field research

Answer 28

conducted away from the lab in a natural setting

Question 29

Translational research

Answer 29

investigations that apply results from basic science to care of patients

Question 30

EBP 5 A's

Answer 30

Assess Ask Aquire Appraise Apply

Question 31

Steps to implement PICOTT

Answer 31

1. form picott question 2. identify keywords 3. plan search strategy 4. execute search (Refine results and review lit findings) 5. assess evidence

Question 32

Boolean search

Answer 32

using AND, OR, and NOT search words

Question 33

AND

Answer 33

combines concepts and items must contain both/all words

Question 34

OR

Answer 34

items can contain one or more of the terms -inclusive, not exclusive

Question 35

NOT

Answer 35

high limiting by removing any records containing the word/phrase

Question 36

3 important things for code of research ethics

Answer 36

Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report

Question 37

Nuremberg Code

Answer 37

voluntary consent benefit > risk ability to withdraw

Question 38

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 38

interest of participant must prevail

Question 39

Belmont Report

Answer 39

Respect for persons beneficence justice

Question 40

Beneficence

Answer 40

ability of PI to secure and stabilize client well beings assessment of risk and benefit where client gets max benefit and minimal harm

Question 41

Justice

Answer 41

who benefits from findings? fair selection of subjects injustice if benefactors of research are from a better social class

Question 42

Hayward's Evidence based information cycle

Answer 42

1. Assess situation 2. Get relevant literature 3. Appraise literature 4. Apply findings to clinical decision making 5. Assess success

Question 43

3 part approach to evidence based clinical practice patient care

Answer 43

1. valid research findings grounded in theory and science 2. clinical expertise and practical experience 3. medical needs, psycho-social interests, and ethical/religious values of pt

Question 44

PICO and focused clinical question

Answer 44

P- person, location, condition, and patient characteristics I- length, location, type C- another intervention, no intervention, location of intervention O- outcome (dec falls, avoid hospitalization?)

Question 45

Stages of Scientific Research Process

Answer 45

1. Identify topic 2. Search and review literature 3. define topic 4. state general question or topic 5. phrase operationally defined hypothesis 6. methods to test hypothesis 7. collect data 8. analyze data and interpret the results 9. write about findings