Module 1 History

Question 1

What era: Myths or legends

Answer 1

PRE-PHILOSOPHICAL ERA

Question 2

• Thales investigated the natural world through observation and reason, not through supernatural or
  mythological explanations
• was followed by other Greeks and more philosophers
  emerged.

Answer 2

Ionian Awakening

Question 3

What era: philosophers where called the philosophers of nature

Answer 3

PRE-SOCRATIC ERA

Question 4

The dominant school of thought during this period
because several pre-Socratic philosophers believed that the world can only understood
through physical matter

Answer 4

Materialism

Question 5

Ionic colonies of Asia minor 6th century BC

Answer 5

Milesians

Question 6

the first person in recorded history to have started
philosophizing because he did not resort to supernatural or
mythological explanations

Answer 6

Thales

Question 7

Thales

means the ultimate substance of
everything

Answer 7

arche

Question 8

Believed that the arche is ___ because it can be found in many
places

Answer 8

water

Question 9

Younger contemporary and student of Thales

Believed that the ultimate substance of everything is apeiron

Answer 9

Anaximander

Question 10

apeiron definition

Answer 10

“the infinite” or “the boundless”

Question 11

Believed that the ultimate substance of everything is air

Answer 11

Anaximenes

Question 12

– cosmos (mixture of all ingredients)

• nous (intellect)
• religion

Answer 12

Anaxagoras

Question 13

The Non-Milesians

Answer 13

Pythagoras
Xenophanes
Heraclitus
Parmenides
Empedocles
Democritus

Question 14

• change is the only constant
• fire

Answer 14

Heraclitus

Question 15

• the ultimate substance of everything is earth
• first philosopher of religion
• only one God

Answer 15

Xenophanes

Question 16

• all four of these substances (water, earth, fire, air) stood on equal terms as the basic elements
• Synthesis the thought of other philosophers

Answer 16

Empedocles

Question 17

Introduced atomism

Answer 17

Democritus

Question 18

Said that everything in the world is governed by numbers, and it can
be understood through mathematics

Answer 18

Pythagoras

Question 19

The philosophers during this period emphasized on how people should behave and think, how society and government should operate, and what lies beyond the physical world.

Answer 19

CLASSICAL OR SOCRATIC ERA

Question 20

oratorical philosopher; left no writings

Answer 20

Socrates

Question 21

a method of questioning
that attempts provoke clarification of ideas and discussion by
asking follow-up questions that are critical and insightful.

Answer 21

Socratic Method

Question 22

• rationalism
• extension of Socrates
• reality only exists in our mind, and that experiences are just illusions.

Answer 22

Plato

Question 23

tripartite soul

Answer 23

(rational spirit,
emotional spirit, and appetitive spirit

Question 24

His philosophy is an opposition of Plato’s philosophical tradition

• Realism
• empiricism

Answer 24

Aristotle

Question 25

The confluence of faith and reason. Philosophers in this period were concerned with reconciling philosophy with religion

Answer 25

SCHOLASTIC OR MEDIEVAL ERA: Scholasticism

Question 26

- ontological argument of the existence of god - proslogion

Answer 26

St. Anselm

Question 27

- man is fallible - We cannot expect man to be perfect because in the beginning, man has freewill yet he/she chose to do the bad thing -

Answer 27

St. Augustine of Hippo

Question 28

- Muslim philosopher - Reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic theology.

Answer 28

Avicenna

Question 29

blank slate: this means that we are not born with built-in mental content and that our minds our filled in with ideas coming from our surroundings

Answer 29

tabula rasa