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Advanced Biology Apologia > Module 1: Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1: Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

ANATOMY

A

The study of the structures of the body and parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how parts function and work together

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3
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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4
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study of the changes from conception to adult

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5
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the first eight weeks of life

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Used for diagnosis

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7
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Specializes in parts of the body

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of the large or macroscopic structures

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9
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of small or microscopic structures

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Study similarities in species

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11
Q

Levels of organization

A

From large to small:
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecules, atom

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12
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues specialized for a particular function

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13
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells forming the building materials of the body

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14
Q

Tissue Types

A

1) Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
2) Muscular: muscle
3) Connective: bone, cartilage, tendon, fat, blood, etc.
4) Epithelial: skin, intestine lining, glands, etc.

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15
Q

HOMEOSTASIS

A

state of dynamic equilibrium in the body in response to its internal environment and function

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16
Q

Set point

A

Ideal normal range for homeostasis

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17
Q

2 Control centers for homeostasis

A

Central Nervous System
Endocrine glands

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18
Q

Control center(s)

A

Receive info from receptors, determine a set point, and release a signal response to correct imbalances

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19
Q

Receptor

A

Structure that monitors conditions of the body

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20
Q

Effector

A

Structure that changes the value of various conditions in response to a signal from the Control Center

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21
Q

Macronutrients

A

Proteins, Fats, Carbs

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22
Q

Celular mitosis

A

How cells replicate(Asexual)

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23
Q

Interphase

A

The state between replications
DNA is in chromatin form

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus disintegrates, centrioles duplicate+form spindles+move to poles, DNA replicates+ thicken changing to chromosomes then move to equator

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25
Metaphase
Chromosomes reach equatorial plane
26
Anaphase
Replicated chromosomes are separated and begin to move to opposite poles
27
Telophase
Chromosomes reach poles, plasma membrane pinches off, nucleus reform
28
Plasma membrane(PM)
Boundary of the cell containing receptors etc. Exterior with doors and windows
29
Nucleus
Has its own membrane, contains DNA Library
30
DNA 🧬
In form of Chromatin (non-dividing) or Chromosomes(dividing) Books/Recipes 📖 📝
31
Cytoplasm
Space between nucleus and plasma membrane liquid is called cytosol
32
Ribosomes
Are free or attached to ER; where proteins are made Kitchen 👩🏼‍🍳
33
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The network of tunnels within the cell
34
Smooth ER
Series of tubes to transport and produce lipids and CHO
35
Rough ER
Tubes with ribosomes attached that transport+produce proteins
36
Golgi Body
Package chemicals for secretion Post office ✉️📬
37
Secretory vesicle
Pinches off Golgi Body and travels to PM where released outside cell Package(s) 📦
38
Lysosome
Vesicle containing enzymes Recycling center ♻️
39
Centrosome
Made of Centrioles, site where Microtubules (spiral 🌀 strands of proteins) are organized Scaffolding
40
Cilia
Tiny hairs formed of microtubules
41
Mitochondria ⚡️
Where ATP synthesis occurs Powerhouse/ electric ⚡️ company
42
Proteins
Long chains of amino acids
43
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts; speed up chemical reactions without being used up
44
Transcription
The process of copying DNA into RNA
45
Translation
RNA converted into protein
46
mRNA
Messenger: travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
47
tRNA
Transfer: has a sequence of three bases called the anticodon
48
Anticodon
Pairs the appropriate amino acid to the RNA codon
49
Plasma membrane
1)Holds cell together 2) Selective permeability 3) Communicates 4) Made of phospholipid bilayer 5)Channel proteins 6) Glycoproteins 7) Receptor protein 8) Glycolipids 9) Cholesterol
50
Selective permeability
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
51
Phospholipid bilayer
2 fatty acids (Hydrophobic) + phosphate group (Hydrophilic)
52
Extracellular fluid
Outside cell
53
Intracellular fluid
In the cell
54
Channel proteins
Small channels to let water and small molecules in or out
55
Glycoproteins
A protein + glucose which acts as a marker for communication
56
Receptor protein
Receives messages
57
Glycolipids
A lipid + glucose that helps to anchor proteins within the PM
58
Cholesterol
Found among the non-polar tails and acts to stabilize the membrane, makes up 1/3 of the space between layers
59
What makes the PM Selectively permeable?
1) Polar vs nonpolar (water soluble vs oil soluble) 2) size limiting channels 3) charge specific channels ( +\-) 4) Carrier proteins
60
Carrier proteins
Perform mediated transportation to move certain molecules across by: specificity, competition, and saturation.
61
Membrane transport processes
Passive transportation and active transportation
62
Passive transportation (no ATP)
Diffusion and facilitated diffusion
63
Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
64
Facilitated diffusion
Mediated transportation using channels
65
Active transportation (ATP used)
Pumping, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
66
Pumping
Movement from low concentration to high concentration (opposite of diffusion)
67
Endocytosis
Process of taking large molecules into the cell by: Pinocytosis “cell drinking” and Phagocytosis “cell eating”
68
Exocytosis
Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell, aka secretion

Advanced Biology Apologia (1 decks)

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