Module 1: Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
The study of those living closely to each other.
A
Parasitology
2
Q
The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.
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Parasitology
3
Q
It is concern primarily with parasites that affect humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in human communities.
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Medical Parasitology
4
Q
Deals with parasites which cause human infections and diseases they produce.
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Medical Parasitology
5
Q
Studies biological features and geographic distribution of parasitic worms, the course of helminthic invasions, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and control of helminthic diseases.
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Medical Heminthology
6
Q
Two (2) Pain Phyla of Medical Helminthology
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- ) Platyhelminthes
2. Nemahelminthes
7
Q
Deal with parasite of unicellular origin
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Medical Protozoolgy
8
Q
Parasites belonging to protozoans
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Medical Protozoology
9
Q
Living together of organisms which differs phylogenteically. Also, involves protection or other advantages to one or both organism.
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Symbiosis
10
Q
Any two organism living in close association, commonly one living in or on the body of the other
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Symbiotic
11
Q
Contrasted with free living.
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Symbiotic
12
Q
It exists when two symbiots are merely traveling together, and there is no physiological or biochemical dependence.
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Phoresis
13
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Different forms of Symbiosis
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- ) Commensalism,
- ) Mutualism,
- ) Paratism
14
Q
A relationship in which two species benefits from the relationship without harmong or benefiting the other.
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Commensalism
15
Q
“Eating at the same table”, it may be facultative or obligate
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Commensalism
16
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A type of symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other and usually obligatory.
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Mutualism
17
Q
Is a relationship in which one of the participants, the parasite, either harms, its host or in some sense lives at the expense of the host.
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Parasitism
18
Q
Give the four (4) parasites according to their habitat or mode of developement.
A
- ) Endoparasite
- ) Ectoparasite
- ) Erratic
- ) Free-living Parasite
19
Q
Parasite that living inside the body of the host (infection)
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Endoparasite
20
Q
A endoparasite the could be found in lumen of intestines or their hollow organs.
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Coelozoic
21
Q
Endoparasite that lived within the tissues
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Histozoic
22
Q
Parasite living outside the body of the host (infestation).
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Ectoparasite
23
Q
Parasite that is found in an organ that is not its usual habitat
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Erratic
24
Q
Nonparasitic stages of active existence
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Free-living parasite
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Give the seven (7) classification of Endoparasites
1. ) Obligate Parasites
2. ) Facultative Parasites
3. ) Accidental / Incidental Parasites
4. ) Permanent Parasite
5. ) Temporary Parasite
6. ) Spurious Parasite
7. ) Aberrant Parasite
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A parasites that need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species.
Obligate Parasites
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Parasite that may free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.
Facultative Parasites
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Parasite that establish itself in a host where does not ordinarily live.
Accidental / Incidental Parasite
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Parasite that remains on or in the body of host for its entire life
Permanent Parasite
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A parasite that lives on a host only for a short period of time.
Temporary parasite
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A free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
Spurious Parasite
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A parasite which infects a host where they cannot develop further.
Aberrant Parasite
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The five (5) Types of Host
1. ) Definitive / Final Host
2. ) Intermediate Host
3. ) Paratenic or Transport Host
4. ) Reservoir Host
5. ) Incidental Host
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Host which parasites attains sexual maturity.
Definitive / Final Host
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It harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite, could be either be first or secod host
Intermediate host
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One in which the parasite does not undergo any development but in which in which remains live and infective to another host
Paratenic Host / Transport Host
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It serves as a bridge between the intermediate and definitive host.
Paratenic / Transport Host
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Any animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to human.
Reservoir Host
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Most important host in the spread of the disease.
Incidental Host
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Parasites develop only in a restricted range of host species, some infecting only a single host species.
Host Specificity
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Parasite host other parasites
Hyperparatism
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Organism which are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
Vectors
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Transmits the parasitic only after the latter has completed its development within the host.
Biological Vectors or True Vectors
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Parasitic Disease of Mosquito
Malaria; Filariasis
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Parasitic Disease of Sandflies
Kala-azar
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Parasitic Disease of Tsetse Flies
Sleeping sickness
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Parasitic Disease of Reduvid bugs
Chagas' Disease
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Parasitic Disease of Ticks
Babesiosis
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It only transports the parasite.
Mechanical or Phoretic Vector
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Example or Mechanical or Phoretic Vector
Housefly-Amoebiasis
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It is harmful, frequently causes mechanical injury to host.
Pathogen
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Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms
Carrier
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Process of Inoculating an infective agent
Exposure
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Establishment of the infective agent in the host
Infection
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It is a period between infection and the evidence of symptoms
Incubation or Clinical Incubation Period
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Period between infection and acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Pre-patent or Biologic Incubation Period
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An infected individuals becomes his own direct source of infection.
Autoinfection
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The already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.
Superinfection or Hyperinfection
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What are the sources of infection?
1. ) Contaminated soil and water
2. ) Food
3. ) Vectors
4. ) Person to person
5. ) Autoinfection
6. ) Animals
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The most common method of transmission.
Oral Transmission
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Mode of transmission through oral route by contaminated food and water.
Oral Transmission
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Parasites through eating food with infective stages
Taenia Saginata, Taenia Solium, Diphyllobotrium latum
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Parasites through drinking contaminated water
Entamoeba histolytica, Gardia lamblia
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Parasites through ingesting raw or improperly cooked fish
Clonorchis, Opistorchis, Haplorchis
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Parasites through skintransmission of soil
Hookworm and strongyloides
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Parasite through skin transmission of water
Schistosoma
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Example agents are malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, trpanosomiasis, and babesiosis
Arthropods
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Parasite that can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy.
Taxoplasma Gondii
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Taxoplasma gondii is example
vertical or congenital transmission
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It can be transmitted through mother's milk.
Ancylostoma and Strongyloides
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Enterobius vermicularis
Inhalation
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Direct transmission through kissing
Entamoeba gingivalis
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Direct transmission through sexual intercourse
Trichomoniasis
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It was seen in case of transfusion malaria and toxoplasmosis after organ transplantation.
Iatrogenic Transmission
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The parasite requires only single host to complete its development
Direct Life Cycle
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The parasite requires 2 or more species of host to complete its development
Indirect Life Cycle
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Two important Stages in a parasite's life cycle
1. ) Infective Stage
| 2. ) Diagnostic Stage
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It follows theninternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Nomenclature
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The names of genera and species are
Italicized or underlines when written
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Correct/ Not Correct:
Ascaris lumbricoides, Malaria spp.
Correct
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Study of patterns, distribution, and occurence of diseases
Epidemiology
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Study of analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.
Epidemiology
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number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
Incidence
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Number of percentage of individuals estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
Prevalence
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Also known as worm burden
Intensity of Infection
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It is a burden of infection related to the number of norm per infected persons
Intensity of Infection
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Clinical consequences of infections or diseases affecting an individual's well being
Morbidity
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Percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative prevalence
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Use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.
Deworming
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Number of percentage of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on stool/urine exam after deworming
Cure Rate
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Percentage fall in egg counts after deworming
Egg Reduction Rate (ERR)
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Types or treatment methods
1. ) Selective
2. ) Targeted
3. ) Universal
4. ) Perventive Chemotheraphy
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Individual level of deworming and treatment is based in diagnosis and intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds
Selective
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Group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be certain characteristics
Targeted
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Is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of group characteristics
Universal
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Regular , systematic, a large scale intervention
Preventive Chemotheraphy
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Aim to reduce morbidity transmission of selected helminths infections
Preventive Chemotheraphy
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Proportion of target population reached by an intervention
Coverage
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Effect of drug against an infective of drug against an infective agent in in ideal experimental conditions
Efficacy
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Measure of the effect of drug againts an infective agent in a particular host
Effectiveness
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A parasite previously sensitive to an appropriate therapeutic drug host
Drug Resistance
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Avoidance of illness caused by infection
Morbidity Control
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a health education strategy with purpose to encourage the people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices
Information-education communication(IEC)
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Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factos or interaction with human beings to prevent or minimize vector ot intermediate propagation and reduction contactingbetween humans and the infective agent.
Environmental Management
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It involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks
Environmental Sanitation
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Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts
Eradication
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Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area and continued interventions still required
Elimination
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The three (3) damages of parasite to Host
1. ) Parasitic Enzymes
2. ) Invasion and Destruction of Host Tissues
3. ) Nutrient Deprivation to Host
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Secretory or Excretory metabolize nutrients obtained from the host and store these for energy production.
Parasitic Enzymes
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One example are invasion of Malarial parasites to RBC's, deposition of Schistosoma Japonicum eggs in liver causing granuloma formation and fibrosis
Invasion and Destruction ot Host Tissues
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one example is hookworm infection causes chronic blood loss and Iron defiency anemia and Diphyllobotriuml latum competes gor Vitamin B12 leading to megaloblastic anemia.
Nutrient Deprivation Anemia
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The three (3) outcome of infection
1. ) Genetic makeup
2. ) Nutritional Status
3. ) Immune Processes
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influences the host-parasite interaction fir instance sickle cell trait confers protection ti plasmodium falciparum, while the presence of Duffy boood factor kncrease susceptibility to Plasmodium vivas infection.
Genetic Makeup
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Diet rich in protein is not suitable for developemnt of intestinal protozoans on the other hand low protein diet may induce risk for amoebiasis.
Nutritional Status
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Rare absolute immunity to protozoans and probably never to helminthic infection
Immune Processes
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T/F:
The following can result in a host and parasite interaction if it does not result in injury and pathology.
1. ) parasite fails to become established in the host
2. ) Parasites becomes established and the hist eliminates the infection
3. ) Parasites become established and the host begins to overcome theninfection but is not totally successful
4. ) Parasites becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself
5. ) Parasite becomes established and kills the host
1. ) parasite fails to become established in the host -T
2. ) Parasites becomes established and the hist eliminates the infection -T
3. ) Parasites become established and the host begins to overcome theninfection but is not totally successful-T
4. ) Parasites becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself-T
5. ) Parasite becomes established and kills the host-T
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The Primary defense of the Body
1. ) Natural Physical Barriers
2. ) Chemical Components of body fluids
3. ) Physiologic functions
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Skin and mucous membrane lining the respiratory, gastrointertinal and genitourinary tracts
Natural Physical Barriers
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Lipase content of breast and lyzozymes found in tears and saliva, and especially Immunoglobin aa (IgA) in these fluids
Chemical Components of Body Fluids
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Peristalsis, motion of cillia, human reflexes like coughing and flushing action of urine
Physiologic functions
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The secondary defense of the Body
1. ) Innate immune response
| 2. ) Acquired Immune Response
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Happens when the body detects and eliminates pathogens through non-specific mechanisms to destroy or hinder invading organism.
Innate Immune Response
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Example of Innate Immune-Response
1. ) Phagocytosis
| 2. ) Toll like receptors
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Specific response to the parasite begins to the parasite begins when parasitic antigens are processes and presented to immune cells
Acquired Immune Response
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Example of Acquired Immune Response
1. ) Cell mediated acquired immune response
| 2. ) Antibody-mediated acquired immune response
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What are the different parasite evasion Mechanism?
1. ) Resistance to Immune Response
2. ) Immune Suppression
3. ) Antigenic Variation
4. ) Host Mimicry
5. ) Intracellular Sequestration
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Examples are resistant to complement proteins and presence of cuticle and integument making difficult for cytotoxic granules of immune cells to penetrate.
Resistance to Immune Response
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Parasites can also refuse immune of function of macrophages casuing decrease phagocytosis and antigen processing
Immune Suppression
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Changing of antigenic profile of the parasite of their surface coat through variant surface glycoproteins
Antigenic Variation
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Parasites can acquire antigenic molecules from the host
Host mimicry
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Parasites reproduce inside Phagocytic cell
Intracellular Sequestration
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Roundworm
Nematodes
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Tapeworm
Cestodes
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Flukes
Trematodes
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Unsegmented helminths with bilateral symmetry, have a fully functional digestive tract, are usually long and cyclindrical and vary from a few millimeters to over a meter long.
Nematodes (Roundworm)
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Its mode of infection of Nematodes
Ingestion of embryonated eggs or infective larvae,
skin penetration,
vector bite,
inhalation of embryonated eggs
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It is a ribbon-like (segmented) platyhelminthes (flatworm) that live in the intestinal tract of vertebrate as adults and in the tissues or body cavities of various intermediate host as larvae
Cestodes (Tapeworm)
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Mode of Infection of Cestodes
Consumption of infected intermediate hosts
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Dorso ventrally flattened helminths (platyhelminths) characterized by the presence of oral sucker, through which the digestive tract opens and a ventral sucker (acetabulum) used for attachment.
Trematodes (Flukes)
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Mode of Infection of Trematodes
Ingestion of intermediate host, skin penetration
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Provided with nucleus or nuclei, cytoplasm, an outer lining
| membrane, and organelles.
Protozoans
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Form infective stages (cyst) which are resistant to environmental changes compared to vegetative stages (trophozoite)
Protozoans
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Bilaterally symmetrical organism with segmented and joined appendages
Arthropods
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Examples are Insects, mites, ticks, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipeded, and crustaceans
Arthropods
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Most common arthopods
Lices and Ticks
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Vectors that are acquired to infected human/ animal
Infected Vector
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Vectors taht supports growth
Infective
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Factors that affecting thebectors abundance and patjogens transmission
1. ) Temperature
2. ) Humidity
3. ) Rainfalls
