Module 1: Introduction to the Immune System

Question 1

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 1

Thymus
Bone marrow

Question 2

Name 5 secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 2

Adenoids
Tonsils
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Intestine
GI system
Appendix

Question 3

T/F
The innate immune system is specific

Answer 3

False
It is nonspecific

Question 4

The innate system consists of what?

Answer 4

Physical barriers, chemical elements, neutrophils, and phagocytic cells

Question 5

What adaptive immune system consists of what kind of cells?

Answer 5

B and T lymphocytes

Question 6

What are memory cells?

Answer 6

Cells that can recognize the foreign agent after being previously exposed to it

Question 7

What cells make up adaptive immunity

Answer 7

Memory cells

Question 8

Name a disease OF the immune system

Answer 8

AIDS

Question 9

Name a disease ON the immune system

Answer 9

Tuberculosis

Question 10

Name a disease BY the immune system

Answer 10

Allergy

Question 11

T/F
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are the 5 characteristics of the innate immune system?

Answer 12

Unchanging
Immediate
Nonspecific reactivities
Broad range of targets
No memory

Question 13

What is another name for leukocytes?

Answer 13

White blood cells

Question 14

These cells are the first responding leukocytes and are the most common cell in the immune system

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Question 15

These cells are the most professional phagocytes, what ingest bacteria, as well as secrete cytokines

Answer 15

Macrophages

Question 16

These cells are found in contact with the external environment, and act as a link between the innate and adaptive immune system

Answer 16

Dendritic cells

Question 17

These cells secrete histamines and free radicals when activated and are important in allergic responses

Answer 17

Eosinophils

Question 18

These cells secrete heparni and histamine

Answer 18

Basophils

Question 19

These cells play a role in allergy and anaphylaxis through heparin and histamine release and are involved in wound healing and formation of new blood cells

Answer 19

Mast cells

Question 20

These cells are large, granular, cytotoxic, and do not have T or B-cell receptors

Answer 20

Natural Killer Cells

Question 21

Describe unenhanced attachment of phagocytosis

Answer 21

Attachment via the four receptors, as well as the nonspecific innate recognition of PAMPs through PRRs

Question 22

Describe enhanced attachment

Answer 22

Attachment of opsonized microbe to the phagocytes

Question 23

What are the four receptors that can attach a macrophage or neutrophil to a target cell

Answer 23

LPS receptor
Scavenger receptor
Mannose receptor
N-formyl methionyl receptor

Question 24

What are residual bodies?

Answer 24

Material remaining in the phagolysosome that cannot be digested

Question 25

What are the 6 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 25

Discrimination Diversity Specificity Specialization Memory Self-limitation

Question 26

T-cells require activation by what molecule?

Answer 26

Professional antigen-presenting cells

Question 27

What are the non professional APCS?

Answer 27

MHC Class I All nucleated cells

Question 28

What are the professional APCS?

Answer 28

MHC Class II Dendritic cells B-lymphocytes Neutrophils Macrophages

Question 29

T-cells recognize antigens in complex with the MHC molecules via what receptor?

Answer 29

The T-cell receptor (TCR)

Question 30

Where do T cells originate?

Answer 30

In the bone marrow

Question 31

T/F Naiive T cells express both CD4 and CD8

Answer 31

False They possess neither and are considered double negative cels

Question 32

T/F Helper T-cells contain CD4+

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are the two types of helper T-cells?

Answer 33

Th1 and Th2

Question 34

What is the role of Th1 T-cells

Answer 34

Activation of macrophages and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Question 35

What is the role of Th2 T-cells?

Answer 35

Induce mature B-cells to differentiate into plasma B-cells in order to produce antibodies

Question 36

What is another name for effector cells?

Answer 36

Cytotoxic T-cells

Question 37

What characteristic surface markers are present on B-cells?

Answer 37

Antibodies B7 CD40

Question 38

Where do B-cells originate from?

Answer 38

The bone marrow

Question 39

What immunoglobulin is present on immature B-cells

Answer 39

IgM

Question 40

What immunoglobulin is present on mature B-cells

Answer 40

IgM and IgD

Question 41

What immunoglobulin is found in high concentrations in the mucous membranes?

Answer 41

IgA

Question 42

What immunoglobulin has no known biological affects?

Answer 42

IgD

Question 43

What immunoglobulin has a role in allergic reactions?

Answer 43

IgE

Question 44

What immunoglobulin can pass the placenta?

Answer 44

IgG

Question 45

What is the most common immunoglobulin?

Answer 45

IgM

Question 46

What immunoglobulin is the first antibody made at the sight of infection?

Answer 46

IgM

Question 47

T/F All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What is a hapten?

Answer 48

A small, organic molecule, that is antigenic by not immunogenic unless attached to a carrier protein

Question 49

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 49

A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen when injected into a human, without resulting in the mounting of an immune response

Question 50

What is an epitope?

Answer 50

The immunologically active region of an antigen

Question 51

What are the 6 characteristics of an Ideal Vaccine?

Answer 51

Provide effective and long-lasting immunity Be safe and easy to administer Have no adverse reactions Have no reversions to virulent forms Be stable Be available worldwide and inexpensive

Question 52

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 52

When different types of influenza virus infect a single cell

Question 53

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 53

When the virus obtains multiple point mutations making it unrecognizable

Question 54

What are the 11 features to the structure of an immunoglobulin (sorry)

Answer 54

2 identical heavy chains 2 identical light chains Interchain disulfide bond Variable region Fab region Fc region Contstant region Hinge region Domains folded into a globular region, containing intra-chain disulfide bonds Ogliosaccarides

Question 55

How many heavy chain isotypes do humans have

Answer 55

5

Question 56

How many light chain isotypes do humans have

Answer 56

2