Module 1: Language

Question 1

a language disorder associated with damage to part of the brain that causes problems with language expression and comprehension

Answer 1

aphasia

Question 2

problems producing language; low-functioning grammar, but still meaningful utterances; language comprehension is spared; located in inferior frontal gyrus

Answer 2

Broca’s aphasia

Question 3

brain region where Broca’s area is located

Answer 3

inferior frontal gyrus

Question 4

brain region where Wernicke’s area is located

Answer 4

posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG)

Question 5

language production is fluent and often copious, but often lacks meaning; language comprehension is also affected; located in posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG)

Answer 5

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 6

some sort of auditory speech input is relayed to Wernicke’s area; meaning is put to the words heard; using the input and conceptual representation, Broca’s area is responsible for speech production

Answer 6

Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model

Question 7

meaningful grammatical units within a sentence

Answer 7

propositions

Question 8

the smallest meaningful units of language that cannot be further divided or analyzed (carries meaning)

Answer 8

morphemes

Question 9

the basic sounds of a language (speech sounds)

Answer 9

phonemes

Question 10

words that differ in only one phonological element, such as “rot” and “lot”

Answer 10

minimal pairs

Question 11

the study of the categorical organization of speech sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning

Answer 11

phonology

Question 12

the part of the mouth used to make a sound

Answer 12

place of articulation

Question 13

how speech comes to life

Answer 13

manner of articulation

Question 14

whether or not your vocal cords vibrate when making a sound

Answer 14

voicing

Question 15

the acoustic realization of phonemes is influenced by the surrounding phonemes

Answer 15

coarticulation

Question 16

perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum

Answer 16

categorical perception

Question 17

the duration of the period of time between the release of a plosive and the beginning of vocal fold vibration

Answer 17

voice onset time (VOT)

Question 18

where the sounds of phonemes are processed

Answer 18

dorsal superior temporal gyrus (STG)

Question 19

where the meanings of phonemes are processed

Answer 19

mid-post superior temporal sulcus (STS)

Question 20

word that can be derived from another word if you change 1 phoneme

Answer 20

neighbor

Question 21

the number of phonological neighbors a word has

Answer 21

neighborhood density

Question 22

a model of speech perception in which there are two simultaneous processes (ventral stream and dorsal stream) that play different roles in the perception of speech

Answer 22

Hickok and Poeppel’s Dual Stream Model

Question 23

the “what” stream of the dual-stream model; where sounds are given meaning and we are able to understand the message; lexical access; aMTG and aITS for combinatorial network; pMTG and pITS for lexical interface

Answer 23

ventral stream

Question 24

accessing the meaning of a word

Answer 24

lexical access

Question 25

combining words into a sentence/message

Answer 25

combinatorial network

Question 26

an imaging analysis technique that establishes a relationship between precise lesion location and clinical deficit

Answer 26

voxel-based lesion symptom mapping

Question 27

the "how" stream of the dual stream model; the motor system for speech production; how we would pronounce the sounds we hear; pIFG, PM, anterior insula for articulatory network; parietal-temporal Spt for sensorimotor interface

Answer 27

dorsal stream

Question 28

a method of studying brain regions by temporarily activating or deactivating a brain region to determine what regions are necessary for what functions

Answer 28

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Question 29

deciding whether a sound you hear is a word or not

Answer 29

lexical decision task

Question 30

region in planum temporale involved in translating what you hear to motor signals, sensorimotor regulation of the vocal tract, and speech perception

Answer 30

Sylvian Parietal-Temporal area (Spt)

Question 31

no problem with language production and processing, but have problems with language repetition due to damage in the dorsal stream

Answer 31

conduction aphasia

Question 32

neurons in the brain that are active during both the production and perception of speech; Broca's area

Answer 32

mirror neurons

Question 33

meaning is represented in nodes within an interconnected network

Answer 33

semantic network

Question 34

activating one concept automatically activates concepts that are related to it

Answer 34

spreading activation

Question 35

words that are ________ related are closer in semantic networks than words that are _________ related

Answer 35

associationally; semantically

Question 36

words that often co-occur; ex. traffic-jam

Answer 36

associational relationship

Question 37

words that overlap in meaning; ex. fork-spoon

Answer 37

semantic relationship

Question 38

bottom-up model; representations of speech sounds (i.e., words) are individual logogens; inputs activate logogens and if the threshold for a logogen is reached, it fires and then the information in that logogen is integrated into the sentence and used to build further sentence structure

Answer 38

Logogen Model (Morton, 1969)

Question 39

an interactive model of speech perception that takes into account contextual information in a sentence; bottom-up and top-down; allows for either words or phonemes to be derived from spoken language

Answer 39

TRACE Model (McClelland and Elman, 1986)

Question 40

model of speech perception with 3 sequential levels of processing: access, then selection, then integration

Answer 40

Cohort Model (Marlsen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978)

Question 41

part of the cohort model in which initial activation of multiple word-candidates occurs based on phonetic match with the first part of the acoustic input (no role for context)

Answer 41

access

Question 42

part of the cohort model in which one of the accessed word candidates is selected based on the rest of the acoustic input AND context

Answer 42

selection

Question 43

part of the cohort model in which the meaning of the selected word is activated and integrated within the preceding message (the discourse)

Answer 43

integration

Question 44

when a phoneme in a word is replaced with meaningless noise (ex. *eel), we "hear" the missing phoneme based on the context of the sentence

Answer 44

phoneme restoration

Question 45

a group of words that don't change over time; a set for a given language

Answer 45

closed class words

Question 46

words that we can add to our mental lexicon and fluctuate based on context

Answer 46

open class words

Question 47

the language you speak (the form and content/words) determine the content of your thought

Answer 47

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 48

you cannot think anything else than what you have words for

Answer 48

linguistic determinism

Question 49

you can still think about concepts that you don’t have words for, but it is less specific/acute of a thought

Answer 49

linguistic relativism

Question 50

a semantic unit conventionally associated with linguistic forms

Answer 50

lexical concept

Question 51

lexical selection process in Levelt's model of speech production; contains info on syntactic and semantic properties (meaning)

Answer 51

LEMMA

Question 52

word form retrieval process in Levelt's model of speech production; contains info about phonetic properties (pronunciation)

Answer 52

LEXEME

Question 53

one sound form (lexeme) with two different meanings (lemmas)

Answer 53

homophone

Question 54

it is easier to pronounce words that occur more frequently

Answer 54

word frequency effect

Question 55

sequentially modular model; 1. lexical selection - LEMMA 2. word form retrieval - LEXEME

Answer 55

Levelt's Model of Speech Production

Question 56

when people make speech errors, they have a bias to say real words rather than fake words

Answer 56

lexical bias

Question 57

syntactic/grammatical analysis

Answer 57

parsing

Question 58

as readers/listeners, we don't wait until a full sentence is finished before we start giving meaning

Answer 58

immediacy principle

Question 59

Friederici & Mecklinger; a modular model in which first, the syntactic category (part of speech) of each incoming word is established, then a sentence structure is constructed based on the category labels; semantics play no role in these steps

Answer 59

two-stage model of parsing

Question 60

we prefer to have as few nodes in our parsing trees as possible

Answer 60

minimal attachment strategy

Question 61

keep working on/ adding to the node you are currently in for as long as possible

Answer 61

late closure

Question 62

Steinhauer et al.; an interactive model of parsing in which multiple syntactic structures are constructed at the same time and there is competition between structures; if a syntactic tree gets a lot of activation, it inhibits the other structures

Answer 62

constraint-based model

Question 63

Van Gompel et al.; a modular model of parsing in which multiple syntactic structures are constructed at the same time and each structure receives more activation as the input matches; there is no competition in the sense that activation of one structure doesn't suppress another

Answer 63

race-based model

Question 64

each sentence does not exist within a vacuum; other sentences around it influence meaning/interpretation; we also integrate sentences into our knowledge about the world and how people function in it; updated continuously as new information is added

Answer 64

discourse integration

Question 65

brain region involved in discourse processing

Answer 65

bilateral anterior temporal lobes

Question 66

brain region thought to support the generation of the situation model and update it based on incoming text

Answer 66

medial parietal areas

Question 67

mental model of the situation conveyed by the text; some parts are described in the text (ex. time, space, protagonist) but others may be more hidden (ex. motivation)

Answer 67

situation model

Question 68

brain region involved in scene construction and potentially also inferencing but more for logic stories about the physical world (rather than theory of mind)

Answer 68

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)

Question 69

brain region highly activated only when inference needs to be made, particularly activated for theory of mind stories

Answer 69

right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ)