Module 1: Lecture 2

Question 1

United Nations: Human Rights Report on COVID-19

Answer 1

documents human rights violation & has reccomendations

Question 2

United Nations: Human Rights Report on COVID-19 (Documents Human Rights Violations)

Answer 2

• right to information
• right to freedom or movement
• right to health & education
• right to life & to physical integrity

Question 3

United Nations: Human Rights Report on COVID-19 (Reccomendations)

Answer 3

• ensure that the rights of quarantined people are respected, that they receive food, water, sanitation & medical assistance, & that they are treated with dignity

Question 4

Definition of Health (WHO)

Answer 4

a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 5

Definition of Disease

Answer 5

anything that a population (or an individual) experiences that causes, literally, “dis-ease”- anything that leads to discomfort, pain, distress of all sorts, disability of any kind, or death, including injuries and psychiatric disabilities

Question 6

Why is it Important to Diagnose & Clarify Specific Diseases?

Answer 6

• helps in determining which health intervention programs would be most useful
• helps determine the most effective prevention & treatment strategies for reducing effects of a disease or risk factor

Question 7

Definition of Public Health (Edward A. Winslow) 1920

Answer 7

the science and the art of PREVENTING disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of COMMUNITY infections, the EDUCATION of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

Question 8

Public Health (DR)

Answer 8

assesses the health of a community (PT)
- diagnoses its problem
- seeks the causes of the problem
- devises strategies to cure them (treatment)

Question 9

Policy Development is like…

Answer 9

the Dr.’s development of a course treatment for a sick patient
- uses scientific knowledge to develop a strategic approach to improve the community’s health

Question 10

History of Public Health: (Early 1990s to Current)

Answer 10

large reductions in death from infectious disease
- improved sanitation
- vaccination

Question 11

History of Public Health: (1980s)

Answer 11

public health “taken for granted”
- very high expenditures on medical care (NOT prevention)
- emergence of new diseases such as HIV/AIDS

Question 12

Controversy in Public Health: HIV Epidemic

Answer 12

ethical & political issues, especially difficult to deal with because the most effective way to prevent its spread is to change people’s behaviors

Question 13

Controversy in Public Health: PH & Terrorism (Sep 11, 2011)

Answer 13

coordinating emergency medical care as well as ensuring safety of response workers and area residents, anthrax and its effect on public safety

Question 14

Controversy in Public Health: Where does ___________ end and _________ Begin- COVID-19, Public Health Measures

Answer 14

civil liberty & societal well-being

Question 15

Core Functions of Public Health

Answer 15

Assessment, Policy Development & Assurance

Question 16

Assessment

Answer 16

what should be done?
“diagnosis”, collection & analysis of data

Question 17

Policy Development

Answer 17

What will be done?
development of a strategic plan to improve community health (resources & priorities)

Question 18

Assurance

Answer 18

How can we best do it?
guaranteeing that the public has services available and accessible to maximize health and well-being

Question 19

10 Essential Services of Public Health

Answer 19

1. assess & monitor
2. investigate, diagnose & address
3. communicate
4. mobilize communities
5. policies, plans & laws
6. legal & regulatory actions
7. assure an effective system, equitable access
8. skilled public health workforce
9. ongoing evaluation, research, & continuous quality improvement
10. strong organizational infrastructure

Question 20

1. Assess & Monitor

Answer 20

assess & monitor population health status, factors that influence health, & community needs & assets

Question 21

2. Investigate, Diagnose & Address

Answer 21

investigate, diagnose & address health problems and hazards affecting the population
i.e. social determinants

Question 22

3. Communicate

Answer 22

communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it (bring attention to)

Question 23

4. Mobilize Communities

Answer 23

strengthen, support & mobilize communities & partnerships to improve health (collaboration with a community for a community)

Question 24

5. Policies, Plans & Laws

Answer 24

create, champion, & implement policies, plans & laws that impact health

Question 25

6. Legal & Regulatory Actions

Answer 25

utilize legal & regulatory actions designed to improve & protect the public's health

Question 26

7. Assure an Effective System, Equitable Access

Answer 26

assure an effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services & care needs to be healthy

Question 27

8. Skilled Public Health Workforce

Answer 27

build & support a diverse & skilled public health workforce (standards for training)

Question 28

9. Ongoing Evaluation, Research & Continuous Quality Improvement

Answer 28

improve & innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, & continuous quality improvement

Question 29

10. Strong Organizational Infrastructure

Answer 29

build & maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health

Question 30

3 Levels of Prevention

Answer 30

primary, secondary & tertiary

Question 31

Primary Prevention

Answer 31

prevention of exposure to risk factors for disease (smoking, substance use, etc.)

Question 32

Secondary Prevention

Answer 32

have risk factors for disease but do not have symptoms or diagnosis yet (after exposed to risk factors)

Question 33

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 33

after disease & diagnosis to prevent further burden

Question 34

Cancer (Primary Prevention)

Answer 34

avoid unhealthy behaviors that lead to cancer (smoking, exercise, diet)

Question 35

Cancer (Secondary Prevention)

Answer 35

screening to detect cancer earlier and, therefore, treat more effectively

Question 36

Cancer (Tertiary Prevention)

Answer 36

treatment & rehabilitation of cancer patients

Question 37

High Blood Pressure (Primary Prevention)

Answer 37

modify dietary habits in people with family history of high BP

Question 38

High Blood Pressure (Secondary Prevention)

Answer 38

regular BP checks to get treatment if necessary (to avoid negative outcomes- heart attack, stroke)

Question 39

High Blood Pressure (Tertiary Prevention)

Answer 39

stroke rehabilitation

Question 40

5-Step Process to Approach Public Health Problems

Answer 40

1. Define 2. Identify 3. Develop & Test 4. Implement 5. Monitor

Question 41

5-Step Process (Define)

Answer 41

define the health problem

Question 42

5-Step Process (Identify)

Answer 42

identify the risk factors associated with the problem

Question 43

5-Step Process (Develop & Test)

Answer 43

develop & test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause

Question 44

5-Step Process (Implement)

Answer 44

implement intervention(s) to improve the population's health