module 1 - memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

Formation of a memory code by conversion into neural impulses

Question 2

How is encoding done

Answer 2

through look, sound, meaning or feeling, to emphasize something

Question 3

passive memory

Answer 3

a type of encoding that doesnt require any effort, most info is inaccurately remembered or lost

Question 4

active memory

Answer 4

a type of encoding that requires effort, leads to superior memory performance

Question 5

types of active memory

Answer 5

structural, phonemic, and semantic

- going from shallow to deep processing

Question 6

structural memory

Answer 6

shallow processing, emphasis of physical structures of stimuli

Question 7

phonemic memory

Answer 7

emphasis on what a word sounds like

Question 8

semantic memory

Answer 8

emphasis on the meaning of verbal input

Question 9

types of semantic memory

Answer 9

elaboration, self referent encoding, dual encoding

Question 10

elaboration

Answer 10

linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding

Question 11

self referent encoding

Answer 11

linking memory to something personally relevant

Question 12

dual encoding

Answer 12

forming more than one type of coding for the same info

Question 13

attention

Answer 13

focusing a narrow range of stimuli

Question 14

why is attention important

Answer 14

how much someone remembers is linked to how they pay attention

Question 15

storage

Answer 15

maintenance of memory over time

Question 16

sensory memory

Answer 16

info collected by receptors held in visual and auditory register

• held in visual register for quarter of second
• held in auditory register for 1 second

Question 17

photographic memory or eidetic

Answer 17

being able to hold in visual register for more time, couple extra seconds

Question 18

types of storage

Answer 18

sensory memory, short term memory,

working memory, and long term memory

Question 19

short term memory definition

Answer 19

sensory memory transferred to short term memory or working memory for further processing

Question 20

short term memory

Answer 20

• quality is dependent on level of attention
• limited capacity store
• maintains unrehearsed info for max 20 seconds
• generally remember 3-4 items

Question 21

rehearsal or inculcation

Answer 21

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking of info

eg. repeating phone number and forgetting it once dialed

Question 22

chunking

Answer 22

grouped stimuli stored as a single unit to make it easier to remember

Question 23

working memory

Answer 23

• type of short term memory
• includes the phonological loop that maintains speech input, articulation loop with maintains auditory store and visuo-spatial sketchpad which maintains mental picture that is all managed by the central executive

Question 24

long term memory

Answer 24

• converted by short term

- assumed to be unlimited capacity and permanently stored

Question 25

types of long term memory

Answer 25

prospective, retrospective, declarative and non declarative

Question 26

prospective memory

Answer 26

about performing actions in the future

Question 27

retrospective or impicit memory

Answer 27

about things in the past

Question 28

declarative

Answer 28

about facts and events | - can be described to another person

Question 29

types of declarative memory

Answer 29

episodic | or semantic

Question 30

episodic memory

Answer 30

where its chronological recollection of personal experiences

Question 31

semantic memory

Answer 31

where general knowledge not tied to time or where info was learned - recollection of words, definitions, names, dates , faces, events, concepts or ideas

Question 32

non declarative memory (procedural)

Answer 32

- cant be described to another person actions, skills operations, conditioned responses - example muscle memory when riding a bike

Question 33

semantic network

Answer 33

meaning of info are connected to one another in a network - nodes are the concepts and lines represent the connections - the length of the line is proportional the the depth of connection

Question 34

spreading activation

Answer 34

identification of related concept to the known subject | - easier as they are connected

Question 35

retrieval

Answer 35

recalling stored info from memory | - accessing long term stored memory

Question 36

types of retrival

Answer 36

recall, recognize | primacy, recency, serial position effect,

Question 37

recall

Answer 37

retrive from memory with no clues

Question 38

recognize

Answer 38

previously encountered information recognized from past | - multiple choice question

Question 39

primacy

Answer 39

remembering the beginning items of a list

Question 40

recency

Answer 40

remembering the last items of a list

Question 41

serial position effect

Answer 41

remembering items both at the beginning and end of a list

Question 42

decay

Answer 42

list info as time passes

Question 43

interference

Answer 43

competition of other material when accessing info

Question 44

reteroactive

Answer 44

type of interference where new info blocks old info

Question 45

proactive

Answer 45

old info interferes with ability to access new info

Question 46

types of errors in memory

Answer 46

- omissions - substitutions - insertions - confabulation is entirely made up - source amnesia is forgetting others experience as your own - least accurate memory is the most vivid and thought about because have to be reconstructed every time

Question 47

leading question

Answer 47

presupposes truth about kind of answer likely to be correct

Question 48

how to study effectively

Answer 48

distributed study over long period of time rather than massed study in short amount of time

Question 49

types of learning

Answer 49

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Question 50

classic conditioning

Answer 50

when stimulus acquires capacity to evoke response evoked by another stimulus originally - eg. bell evoking same response of salvation that meat powder originally did

Question 51

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 51

stimulus evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning - meat powder

Question 52

unconditioned response

Answer 52

unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus | - salvation

Question 53

conditioned stimulus

Answer 53

previously neutral now evokes response | - bell

Question 54

conditioned response

Answer 54

learned reaction to conditioned stimulus | - salvation

Question 55

extinction

Answer 55

gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response - not unconditioned, suppressed doesn't go away completely ( can come back if placed in same environment) - strength of conditioned bond at beginning is very important -

Question 56

spontaneous recovery

Answer 56

reappearence of extinguished response after period of non exposure, typically weaker

Question 57

renewal effect

Answer 57

conditioned response is extinguished in different environemnt than where acquired - when returned to original environment extinguished response reappears

Question 58

operant conditioning or instrumental

Answer 58

response controlled by consequence of actions coined by B. F. skinner - believed mind was a black box, could only observe physical stimuli and behavioural response - voluntary, positive or negative consequences determine whether response will be reinforced or not