Module 1/ Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 1

Endosymbiosis

Answer 1

Relationship between two species in which one organisms lives inside the cell or cells of another organisms.

Question 2

Mitochondrion and cholorplasts as prokaryotes

Answer 2

Organelles possessing its own membrane circular DNA, their own transcription/translation proteins ribosomes/membranes proteins similar to those of bacteria.

Question 3

Serial endosymbiosis

Answer 3

The mitochondrion originates from engulfing from an aerobic bacterium by an archaea cell

The chloroplasts originates from the englufing of a photosynthetic bacterium by eukaryote.

Question 4

Membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria

Answer 4

The plasma membrane constitute a selective barrier with the environment.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles with a double membrane (derived from endosymbiosis)

Question 5

Mitochondrion

Answer 5

Double membrane-bound organelle that converts chemical energy acquired from the environment (ex: glucose) into chemical energy
that is directly usable by the cell (ATP).

-Possess their own DNA and ribosomes

Question 6

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 6

-Infolding of the inner membrane is called cristae

-mitochondrial matrix is the inside of the inner membrane folding

-enzymes necessary for cellular respiration are embedded in the inner membrane

Question 7

Chloroplast

Answer 7

-Double membrane-bound organelle that converts solar energy acquired from sunlight into chemical energy (ex: glucose)… that can then be converted by the mitochondrion into energy that is directly usable by the cell (ATP).

-the chloroplasts is a specialized member of a family closed related plant organelles called plastids.

-Chromoplasts (fruit and flower pigments)
-Amyloplasts (storage of starch in roots and tuber)
-Chloroplast (photosynthesis)

Question 8

Inter-membrane space of chloroplast

Answer 8

an inter-membrane space separates both membranes of the chloroplast

Question 9

Thylakoids

Answer 9

-membranous flat and interconnected sacs inside the chloroplasts and that are stacked (granum) and that contain the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls).

-they float inside the stroma (fluid containing the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and many enzymes)

Question 10

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Answer 10

Plant cells do possess mitochondria to convert the chemical energy produced from photosynthesis into ATP.

Question 11

explain the origin of these two membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Explain the two origins.

Answer 11

The inner membrane of the mitochondria derives from the plasma membrane of the prokaryotes and the outer membrane derives from the plasma membrane of the host.

Question 12

Mitochondria cellular respiration

Answer 12

C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+Energy

Question 13

Photosynthesis

Answer 13

Energy+6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2