Module 1 Neuro

Question 1

Two main parts of the human nervous system

Answer 1

CNS
-brain
spinal cord

PNS

• connects CNS to limbs and organs
• can be sub-divided into other systems

Question 2

Neuron cells

two cytologic differences:
myelin:

Fibrous connective tissue:

Answer 2

PNS: myelin formed by Schwann cells
CNS: myelin formed by oligodendrocytes

PNS: endoneurial membrane
CNS: none known

Question 3

Synapse:
the connection point between two neurons is called:

two main kinds:

axons often synapse with dendrites but there are ?

Answer 3

synapse

chemical
electrical

many other synapse types

Question 4

chemical synapse:
more common in ?

three main components:
pre-synaptic terminal:

synaptic cleft:

post-synaptic neuron: contain

Answer 4

humans

contains vesicles able to release chemical neurotransmitters

space between neurons neurotransmitters cross

contain receptor cells activated by the neurotransmitter

Question 5

Neuroglia (glial cells)

smaller than?
reportedly more numerous than?
help and support neurons: 
-supply
-surround 
-insulate 
-destroy

although traditionally thought to be uninvolved in generation or transmission of nerve impulses:

Answer 5

neurons

neurons

• nutrients and oxygen to neurons
• neurons and hold in place
• neurons from each other
• pathogens and remove debris

new evidence suggests otherwise

Question 6

brain:

Answer 6

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

spinal cord

Question 7

cerebrum:
what most people mean when they refer to

divided into

each hemisphere can be ?

Answer 7

the brain

left and right hemisphere

sub-divided into lobes

Question 8

cerebral surface:

gyri (plural) gyrus (singular):

fissures or sulci (plural); sulcus (singular):

Answer 8

ridges or elevations on the surface of the cerebrum

groove-like depressions on the surface of the cerebrum; fissures separate gyri from each other

Question 9

cerebral cortex:

how thick? layer of neurons

called ?
-in preserved specimens?

-in fresh specimens

Answer 9

3.5mm

gray matter

• greyish color
• combo of beige, grey, pink

Question 10

corpus callosum:
large band of ?
connects the ?

Answer 10

myelinated fibers (white matter) 
-left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 11

cerebral lobes:
four primary lobes

one secondary lobe

Answer 11

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

insula (also known as the island of reil)

Question 12

frontal lobe:
the largest ?

landmarks:

Answer 12

cerebral lobe (about 1/3 of each hemisphere)

prefrontal cortex

• primary motor cortex
• premotor cortex
• supplementary motor area
• brocas area

Question 13

pre-frontal cortex:
anterior portion of the ?

extensive connections to other ?

related to:

Answer 13

frontal lobe

cortical, subcortical, and brainstem sites

cognitive function
reasoning and problem solving 
decision making
executive function 
moderation of social behavior

Question 14

primary motor cortex:

initiates and controls:

Answer 14

voluntary movement of contralateral skeletal muscles

Question 15

premotor cortex: 
plans and initiates: 
regulates ?
not fully 
what composition 
diverse?

Answer 15

complex and skilled movements
responsiveness of primary motor cortex
understood 
heterogenous 
connectivity

Question 16

supplementary motor areas:
exact role in humans ?
appears to contribute to ?

Answer 16

fully understood

bilateral aspects of motor planning and control

Question 17

anterior language cortex:

dominant hemisphere for most people ? involved with ?

non-dominant hemisphere for most people? involved with

Answer 17

left/spoken language production

right/ prosody

Question 18

Parietal lobe:
location:
between ?
superior to ?

important landmarks:
-primary
-
-

Answer 18

frontal and occipital lobes
temporal lobe

sensory cortex
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus

Question 19

Primary Sensory Cortex: 
what arrangement? 
integrates sensory information from the body including: 
-
-
-
-

Answer 19

somatotopic

• spatial orientation, cross-modality integration
• touch and appreciation of form through touch
• response to internal stimuli/proprioception
• some langauge functions (reading/writing)

Question 20

Angular gyrys:

involved with

Answer 20

language processing 
number processing 
spatial cognition 
memory retrieval 
theory of mind

Question 21

supramarginal gyrus:

involved with

Answer 21

language perception
language processing
empathy

Question 22

temporal lobe:
location:
important landmarks:
important functions:

Answer 22

below frontal lobe

• primary auditory cortex
• wernickes area

language comprehension 
-memory 
thought elaboration 
music 
olfaction

Question 23

Auditory cortexL

• near and extending into
• processes
• what organization

traditionally divided into ?

now often divided into the ?

Answer 23

lateral sulcus

• auditory info
• tonotopic

primary and secondary areas

-core, belt, and parabelt

Question 24

Wernicke’s areas:

dominant hemisphere:

• analysis of
• comprehension of
• verbal

non-dominant hemisphere:
-perception of ?

Answer 24

speech sounds

• spoken language
• memory

nonverbal material

Question 25

Arcuate Fasciculus: this white matter tract has been traditionally described as connecting ? thought to promote the production of ? damage is thought to impact an ?

Answer 25

wernickes areas with brocas area coordinated and intelligible speech individuals comm.

Question 26

occipital lobe: the smallest -most is located on the important landmarks:

Answer 26

primary cerebral lobe medial surface primary visual cortex association visual cortex

Question 27

primary visual cortex: reconstitutes maintains

Answer 27

retinal images retinotopic mapping

Question 28

association visual cortex: surrounds the ? involved with

Answer 28

primary cortex elaboration, recognition , appreciation

Question 29

insula location hidden from view inside not

Answer 29

lateral fissure completely understood

Question 30

insula function: its anatomic location suggests that it is related to ? including those of the ?

Answer 30

limbic and sensorimotor functions intestine, and to vestibular and gustatory function

Question 31

cerebellum: the little ? ``` location -dorsal to the ? attached to brainstem by ? separated form -cerebrum by -brainstem by ```

Answer 31

brain pons and medulla 3 cerebellar peduncles dura mater 4th ventricle

Question 32

``` brainstem: connects the ? integrates and coordinates: monitors all? processes genetically acquired ? cranial nerves 111 and Xii emerge from ? ```

Answer 32

cerebrum to spinal cord - central and peripheral info - brain outputs - automatic control systems - the brainstem

Question 33

spinal cord: adult spinal cord: about how long about what diameter transmission link between the ?

Answer 33

4-45 cm 1 cm in diamter

Question 34

CNS protection: bony ? - skull for - vertebral column for? 3 layers of - what fluid - what barrier

Answer 34

cages - brain - spinal cord meninges - cerebrospinal - blood brain

Question 35

sensitive periods: timeframes of active changes to neuro ? phases of ? these periods have different lengths some are ?

Answer 35

structure or function opportunity and of risk brief and others longer