MODULE 1 PART 1 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
Cite examples of microorganisms
A
Bacteria, viruses, fungi
2
Q
Study of virus
A
Virology
3
Q
Study of bacteria
A
Bacteriology
4
Q
Study of fungi
A
Mycology
5
Q
True or False: Viruses have both RNA and DNA
A
False. Viruses only have either RNA or DNA, not both
6
Q
This can be a virulence factor and SOME bacteria has the ability to produce this
A
Toxins
7
Q
True or False: Bacteria is eukaryotic.
A
False. Bacteria is prokaryotic (with no true nucleus)
8
Q
True or False: Bacteria only have either RNA or DNA.
A
False. Bacteria has both RNA and DNA.
9
Q
How do bacteria multiplies?
A
through Binary Fission
10
Q
The average size of Bacteria is ______
A
0.4- 2.0 um (micra)
11
Q
The largest bacteria is known as
A
Genus bacillus
12
Q
The smallest living organisms on earth is known as
A
Genus mycoplasma
13
Q
These are biologically produced poisons
A
Toxins
14
Q
What species has sterols on its cell membarane?
A
Genus mycoplasma
15
Q
What is the component of the cell membrane of the bacteria?
A
Phospholipid bilayer
16
Q
This is known as the area of science that deals with the study of microorganisms
A
Microbiology
17
Q
These are biologically produce poisons that can cause harmful effects
A
Toxins
18
Q
Bacteria is categorize as…
A
gram (+) and gram (-)
19
Q
This is found among gram (+) organisms except Listeria monocytogenes however, there are gram (-) organisms that can produce this.
A
Exotoxin
20
Q
Exotoxin is _____ in nature.
A
Protein
21
Q
Exotoxin is released/secreted by _______ bacteria cells
A
Living - does not require cell death to release
22
Q
What is the species that is the exception in gram (+) organisms that release exotoxin?
A
Listeria monocytogenes
23
Q
Botulinum toxin is produced by
A
Clostridium botulinum
24
Q
Diphtheria toxin
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
25
Enterotoxins A and B is produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
26
The stability of exotoxin is ...
Heat Labile (heat sensitive)
27
The effect of exotoxin is ...
Specific (local) - it can be felt only in specific area of the body
28
Dose requires in exotoxin is ...
Small
29
True or False. Exotoxins can be converted to toxoids (immunologic property)
True
30
This is usually produced by gram (-) organisms
Endotoxin
31
Endotoxin is _____ in nature
Polysaccharide (Lipopolysaccharide - LPS)
32
Endotoxin is secreted/released through ______
Cell death/lysis
33
Example of gram (-) organisms that release endotoxin that causes bloody diarrhea
Shigella dysenteriae
34
The stability of endotoxins is ____
Heat stable
35
The effect of endotoxins is
Generalized (systemic) - the effect can be felt all over the body because of high toxicity
36
The required dose for endotoxin is ...
Large
37
Yes or No: Can endotoxin be converted to toxoids? (immunologic property)
No.
38
Cite the order of taxonomy
Domain - Kingdom - Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species - Subspecies
39
This is the term use for same species but different phenotypically
Subspecies
40
First letter capitalized
Genus
41
“Epithet” ; the most basic group and written in small letters
Species
42
This term is used for something that grows in Petri dish when culture media was done
Colonies
43
This is called the “resistant structure”
Spores/ Endospores
44
When the bacteria have ______ it means it resists antibiotic
Plasmid
45
What are the spore-forming organisms?
Bacillus, Clostridium
46
For the bacteria to increase in _____, it needs basic nutrients
size
47
What are the basic nutrients needed by the bacteria?
Carbon, Nitrogen. 70% water, Electrolytes
48
This is one of the essential basic nutrients for protein synthesis
Nitrogen
49
This is essential nutrient for bacteria
Carbon
50
Organism population that is differentiated from populations within species
Strains
51
This is based on distinct antigenic properties
Serovars
52
These are variant strains based on biochemical/physiological differences
Biovars
53
Bacteria can be seen under ______
Electron microscope
54
What are the 4 morphologic forms of bacteria?
Cocci, bacilli, spiral, comma-shaped
55
This is round-shaped and usually non-motile
Cocci
56
This is rod-shaped; motile
Bacilli
57
In spiral organisms, usually they are called _____
Spirochetes
58
The unique shape of bacteria
Comma-shaped
59
Comma-shaped organism is
Vibrio cholerae
60
Arrangement of Cocci: singly, round shape
Coccus
61
The cocci/coccus appears in pairs
Diplococci
62
The cocci is arranged in four
Tetrad
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The cocci appears in cubes of eight
Sarcina
64
The cocci is arrange in clusters
Staphylococci
65
The cocci is arranged in chains
Streptococci
66
Arrangement of bacilli: singly, rod-shape
Bacillus
67
The bacilli appears in pairs
Diplobacilli
68
The bacilli is arranged in chains
Streptobacilli
69
The arrangement of the bacilli resembles a picket fence and angular patterns that look like Chinese letters
Pallisades
70
These cells are in between round and rod shape
Coccobacilli
71
These are organisms with spiral shape
Spirochetes
72
Arrangement of spiral: Helical-shaped/ corkscrew form
Spirilla
73
Arrangement of spiral: a curved or comma-shaped rod
Vibrio
74
With flagella means the organism is...
Motile
75
Without flagella means the organism is...
Non-motile
76
The bacteria is truly moving due to the presence of flagella
True motility
77
This is the movement of non-motile organisms caused by the movement of molecules, false motility.
Brownian motility or Pseudo motility
78
True or False: Motility is usually observed in Cocci
False. Motility is seldom observed in Cocci, usually they are non-motile
79
True or False: Bacilli and spiral organisms are usually motile
True.
80
True or False: Vibrio cholerae is motile
True
81
What do you usually call the flagella in spiral organisms?
Axial filaments or Periplasmic flagella
82
Specifically we do it as a presumptive/initial test to detect Listeria monocytogenes
Hanging drop method
83
We color flagella to detect motility
Use of flagellar stains
84
We use culture media to detect motility
Use of semi solid media
85
SIO stands for
Solid Indole Motility
86
MIO standa for
Motility Indole Ornithine
87
To allow growth of bacteria, we use __________
Culture media
88
Gelatin-like media
SIM
89
Growth is limited on the side of inoculation means that the bacteria is _______
Non-motile
90
Growth is away from the site of inoculation means that the bacteria is ______
Motile
91
Shooting star motility
Vibrio cholerae
92
Tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
93
Twitching motility
Kingella kingae
94
Darting motility
Campylobacter species
95
Gliding or sliding motility
Capnocytophaga gingivalis
96
Corkscrew motility
Spirochetes
97
Swarming motility (on BAP)
Proteus species
98
Absence of flagella
Atrichous
99
Single flagellum at one end
Monotrichous
100
Single flagellum at both ends
Amphitrichous
101
Tuft/bundle of flagella at one or both ends
Lophotrichous
102
Bacterium is surrounded with flagella
Peritrichous
103
This part is external to the cell wall, hairlike, and proteinaceous structures. This is NOT common to all and is usually found among gram (-) organisms. This can also be a virulence factor.
Pili/ Fimbriae
104
This organism is equipped with pili
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
105
This is for adherence to the host cell or attachment to the host cell. The can also increase the pathogenicity of the bacteria.
Common pili
106
This is for gene conjugation; transfer of genetic material/ DNA exchange
Sex pili
107
This is also NOT common to all bacteria, usually found in gram (-) organisms, can also be a virulence factor. The function of this is to prevent phagocytosis
Capsule
108
The stain for capsule is...
India ink
109
What indicates that bacteria have capsules or they are capsular?
Mucoidal colonies
110
Neufeld Quelling Test is aka
Capsular Swelling Test
111
This test is performed to know if the bacteria are encapsulated or not.
Neufeld Quellung Test or Capsular Swelling Test
112
N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae are ______ capsule
Polysaccharide
113
Bacillus anthracis is _____ capsule
D. glutamate
114
These organisms have polysaccharide capsule (Sp, Kp, Nm, Hi)
S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae
115
These organisms have Polypeptide-D glutamic acid capsule (Ba)
Bacillus anthracis
116
This organism has Hyaluronic Acid Capsule (Pm)
P. multocida
117
This organism has Polyribosyl Ribitol Phosphate capsule (Hi)
H. influenzae
118
This organism has alginate capsule
P. aeruginosa
119
Other names for Cell wall
Murein layer or Peptidoglycan layer
120
Almost ALL bacteria have cell wall except _____
Genus Mycoplasma and Genus Ureaplasma
121
This gives shape to the organism, and provides shape for the flagella and also the basis for gram staining
Cell wall
122
Thicker peptidoglycan =
Gram (+)
123
Thinner peptidoglycan =
Gram (-)
124
This is the usual site of antibiotic function (destroy)
Cell wall
125
Component of capsule:
Antiphagocytic ; Antigenic (K Ag; Vi Ag)
126
What are the components of Murein Layer or Peptidoglycan?
- Main component: Murein/Peptidoglycan
- Disaccharides: N-acetyl glucosamine; N-acetyl muramic acid
- Peptides
127
Thick murein layer, has teichoic acid
Gram positive cell wall
128
Gram positive cell wall:
- Cell wall = _______
- Membane = _______
- Cell wall = teichoic acid
| - Membane = lipoteichoic acid
129
Thin murein layer, No teichoic acid, porin channels, periplasmic space
Gram negative cell wall
130
Gram negative cell wall has ______ layer
Lipopolysaccharide
131
Who has LPS? (Hi, Ng, Bp)
H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, B. pertussis
132
This is called as the resistant structures that enable bacteria to withstand injurious conditions or extreme conditions
Endospores/ spores
133
What organisms are known as the spore formers?
Genus Bacillus and Genus Clostridium
134
What is the best way to destroy spores? why?
Autoclaving, because the target of sterilization is the spores
135
What is the shape of endospores/ spores?
Oval or Round
136
What are the locations of endospores?
Terminal, central, subterminal
137
This is used to demonstrate spores.
Schaeffer and Fulton (malachite green stain)
138
Bacterium with oval central
Bacillus anthracis
139
Bacterium with oval subterminal
Clostridium botulinum
140
This organism is considered as terminal swollen aka Lollipop bacillus or Drumstick bacillus
Clostridium tetani
141
What do spores contain that make them resistant?
Calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid
142
This represents stored food
Inclusion bodies
143
The inclusion body in Corynebacterium diphtheriae is known as _______
Babes Ernst Granules/ Volutin
144
Culture medium of Babes Ernst Granules are:
Pal’s Siant, Loeffler’s Serum Slant
145
The stains used in Babes Ernst Granules/ Volutin: (LAMB,A,N)
Loeffler’s Alkaline Methylene Blue, Alber; Neisser
146
Halberstaedster Prowazek means
glycogen containing
147
Halberstaedster Prowazek is seen in
Chlamydia trachomatis
148
The stain for Halberstaedster Prowazek is
Giemsa or Macchiavello stain
149
Much granules are seen in _____
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
150
Bipolar bodies =
safety pins appearance
151
Bipolar bodies are seen in
Yersinia pestis
152
The stain for Bipolar bodies is
Wayson’s
153
The purpose of using Pal siant in culture medium is to
to stimulate granule formation
154
Why do Yersinia pestis looks like a safety pin?
because it has a bipolar bodies
155
This is the irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains the genetic materials
Nucleus/Nucleoid
156
Small circular DNA molecule that confers resistance to antibiotics
Plasmid
157
This is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
158
What are the important parts of bacterial cells?
Flagella, Pili/Fimbriae, Capsule, Cell Wall/Murein layer/Peptidoglycan layer, Endospores/spores, Inclusion bodies, Nucleoid, Plasmid, Ribosome, Plasma membrane
159
What are the parts external to cell wall?
Flagella, Pili, Capsule
