Module 1 - Relationships Between Human and Animal Health

Question 1

What does heterotrophic mean?

Answer 1

Animals which cannot create their own food and depend on other organisms

Question 2

What does eukaryotic mean?

Answer 2

Organisms with membrane bound organelles

Question 3

What is gastrulation?

Answer 3

When immature stem cells differentiate into the three primordial germ layers

Question 4

What is the biological classification of organisms called?

Answer 4

Taxonomic hierarchy

Question 5

What is phylogeny?

Answer 5

Grouping of organisms based on evolutionary descent

Question 6

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 6

Life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Question 7

How do you remember taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 7

Luckily Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Question 8

What is the domestication of animals?

Answer 8

The evolutionary process of changing animal behaviour, morphology and genetics

Question 9

What were the first animals to be domesticated?

Answer 9

Dogs

Question 10

Why were the first animals domesticated?

Answer 10

For companionship

Question 11

What is naturally occurring domestication?

Answer 11

When animals started hanging around humans for their own benefit

Question 12

What are some examples of naturally occurring domestication?

Answer 12

Cats, birds and rats

Question 13

What is an affiliative relationship?

Answer 13

Strong emotional attachment which assists positive wellbeing

Question 14

What is a companion animal?

Answer 14

Domesticated animal whose needs can be met as companions in the home

Question 15

What is selective breeding?

Answer 15

Choosing parents with particular traits and breeding from those

Question 16

What are the indirect values of animals?

Answer 16

Ecosystem functioning
Balance of ecosystems

Question 17

What are the direct values of animals?

Answer 17

Provide products and service to humans for economic value
Tourism

Question 18

What are the cultural values of animals?

Answer 18

Cultures around the world have different values for certain animals

Question 19

What is zoonosis?

Answer 19

The transmission of disease between animals and humans

Question 20

What are rickettsial?

Answer 20

Cause by ticks and mites

Question 21

What is cyclozoonoses?

Answer 21

> 1 vertebrate host but no invertabrate

Question 22

What is metazoonoses?

Answer 22

Vertebrate and invertebrate host

Question 23

What is saprozoonoses?

Answer 23

Vertebrate host and non-animal phase such as soil

Question 24

What is anthropozoonosis?

Answer 24

Animal –> Human

Question 25

What is amphixenosis?

Answer 25

Animal <--> Human

Question 26

What is zooanthroponosis?

Answer 26

Animal <-- Human

Question 27

Where do zoonotic diseases emerge from?

Answer 27

- Live animal markets - Intensive wildlife farming - Wildlife hunting - Domestic animals

Question 28

What is one health?

Answer 28

It is considerations at a global scale Human, environmental and animal health are all inextricably linked

Question 29

What was the main function of zoos before the 19th century?

Answer 29

Used as a symbol of royal power

Question 30

When and where was the first zoo created?

Answer 30

In 3500BC in Egypt

Question 31

What was a menagerie?

Answer 31

A collection of captive animals frequently exotic kept for display

Question 32

What was the main function of zoos after the 19th century?

Answer 32

Zoological gardens became more popular and more available to the public

Question 33

What was the historic approach of zoos?

Answer 33

To get as many animals to entertain people

Question 34

What is the current approach of zoos?

Answer 34

Focusing on conservation and human experience to inspire guests to have an impact

Question 35

What is physiology?

Answer 35

The study of animal function and mechanisms

Question 36

How do animals impact human hearts?

Answer 36

Lower resting heart rate and blood pressure, better recovery after heart attack

Question 37

How do animals impact human lungs and skin?

Answer 37

- Animal dander can trigger asthma and allergies - Having a pet as a child associated with reduced risk of allergic reactions

Question 38

How do animals impact human stress hormones?

Answer 38

- Reduction in cortisol in school children visited by dogs - 60 minutes of human canine interactions significantly reduce stress level

Question 39

What is cortisol?

Answer 39

Stress hormone that regulates range of systems

Question 40

What is epinephrine?

Answer 40

Also know as adrenalin is a stress hormone causing faster heart rate, clammy skin

Question 41

What negative impacts do humans have on animal physiology?

Answer 41

- Destruction of habitats - Poaching - Production industries - Neglect

Question 42

What positive impacts do humans have on animal physiology?

Answer 42

- Vet care - Increase of dopamine in animal after positive interaction - Petting reducing stress in animals

Question 43

What is psychology?

Answer 43

The study of mind and behaviour

Question 44

What impacts do animals have on human psychology?

Answer 44

- Increased physical activity - Reducing stress and anxiety - Boosting self confidence - Helping meet new people

Question 45

What is animal assisted therapy (AAT)?

Answer 45

Animals which assist in therapy for humans to improve social, emotional and cognitive function

Question 46

What is structured AAT?

Answer 46

Intervention with specific goals and objectives and delivered by health professionals

Question 47

What is unstructured AAT?

Answer 47

Volunteer animal handlers and group settings not linked to health professionals

Question 48

What are some problems of AAT?

Answer 48

- Possessive behaviour at the end of session - Does not work for people who fear animals - Grief reaction when session ends or animal dies

Question 49

How do we measure animal mental health?

Answer 49

Through the use of physical signs, symptoms and behaviours

Question 50

What are stereotypies?

Answer 50

Highly repetitive, functionless behaviour often as a sign of poor welfare