Module 1: section 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Toxicology
the basic science of poisons
toxicity
the quality of being toxic or poisonous
What is toxicity caused by?
Exposure to a toxicant or toxin
Toxicant
a substance that will produce a harmful effect when administered
toxin
a toxicant produced by a living organism
xenobiotic
a chemical that’s foreign to the body
does a xenobiotic have to be toxic?
No, it does have to be endogenously produced
Individual dose-response
a change in the severity of the response an individual with an increasing dose of toxicant
population dose-response
whether a response is present or not
threshold model
shows the concentration at which an effect begins to be seen either in an individual or population
linear model
shows that an increase in dose would increase the severity of the response (individual) number of responders (population)
hormetic model
shows that some chemicals produce opposite effects at low and high doses
What factors affect toxic responses?
exposure and duration, route exposure,
Acute
one-time exposure to a toxicant for 24 hours or less
subacute
repeated exposure to a toxicant for less than one month
subchronic
repeated exposure for 1-3 months
chronic
repeated exposure to a toxicant for at least a year
cytopenia
reduction in the number of mature blood cells
aplastic anemia
disorder, reduced number of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
What are common intentional and accidental routes of exposure?
ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact
leukemia
cancer of bone marrow and blood
what are common experimental or intentional routes of exposure?
intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intraperitoneal
