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EVST 2020 Science for the Anthropocene > Module 1: The Anthropocene Context and Concept > Flashcards

Module 1: The Anthropocene Context and Concept Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Geosphere

A

continents and rocks

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2
Q

Hydrosphere

A

water

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3
Q

Cryosphere

A

ice

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4
Q

Atmosphere

A

air

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5
Q

Biosphere

A

surface and living organisms

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6
Q

When did geological time begin?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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7
Q

Earth’s System

A

Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere

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8
Q

Earth’s Eons

A

Hadeon, Archean, Proterozic, and Phanerozoic

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9
Q

Hadeon Eon

A
  • 4.5 - 3.8 bya
  • Named after Greek god Hades
  • Firey, hot conditions (molton)
  • no living organisms
  • planet accretion
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10
Q

Archeon Eon

A
  • 3.8 - 2.5 bya
  • first, beginning
  • begins to create crust + where life began
  • biosphere present, beginning to create atmosphere
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11
Q

Stromatolites

A
  • evidence that life (cyanobacteria) began during the Archaean Eon
  • Cyanobacteria take CO2 from atmosphere + water –> photosynthesis –> oxygen
  • cyanobacteria build up sediments to create stromatolites
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12
Q

Banded Iron Formation

A
  • in rocks that create rust
  • shows geological time
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13
Q

Modern Day Atmosphere

A

21% O2 and 0.04% CO2

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14
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A
  • 2.5 bya - 550 mya
  • evolution + diversification of life
  • supercontinent Rodinia
  • lots of oxygen introduced –> changes in atmosphere –> species go extinct
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15
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

red (Rhodophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) algae during Proterozoic Eon

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16
Q

Oldest known animal

A

comb jellies (Ctenophora) during Proterozoic Eon

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17
Q

Late Proterozoic Era

A
  • oxygen introduced –> photosynthesis –> less CO2 –> glaciers expand to equator –> Earth cools to a slushball
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18
Q

After the Late Proterozoic Era, why did Earth eventually become warm again?

A
  • extinction of many species –> decomposition + volcanism give off CO2 –> warmer climate
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19
Q

Albedo

A

exacerbates climate change by ice reflecting sunlight

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20
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A
  • 550 mya - present
  • explosion era
  • many fossils –> divided into many subperiods
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21
Q

Phanerozoic Eras

A

1.) Paleozoic
2.) Mesozoic
3.) Cenozoic

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22
Q

Paleozoic Era

A
  • explosion of animals
  • many periods
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23
Q

Cambrian Period

A
  • shallow water and supercontinent Gondwana
  • water penetrating, abundant nutrients
  • most organisms in shallow water (Trilobites)
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24
Q

Ordovician Period

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Bryophytes (moss) were the first plants that appeared on land
  • more plants grow on land –> more photosynthesis and O2 –> cooling and organisms in shallow water go extinct
25
Silurian Period
- 440-415 mya - relatively warm period - fish evolution organisms decompose + volcanism --> CO2 increases --> warmer climate
26
Devonian Period
- 415 - 360 mya - diversification of plant organisms on land (ex. tree ferns)
27
Carboniferous Period
- 360 - 300 mya - Ice Age - dead plants --> fossil fuels --> dry climate
28
Permian Period
- 300 - 250 mya - reptile evolution - supercontinent Pangaea - colder temperatures at poles, warmer at equator - mountain ranges --> rain shadow effect - "The Great Dying"
29
The Great Dying
- Occurred during Permian Period - 96% of marine species, 70% of terrestrial species died
30
Mesozoic Era
- very dry climate - relatively warm period - Meteor Impact
31
Meteor Impact
- occurred during Mesozoic Era - K-T Boundary suggests period ended with a massive extinction event (Dinosaurs)
32
Cenozoic Era
- cooling period - Age of mammals and diversification
33
Cenozoic Periods
1.) Paleogene 2.) Neogene 3.) Quaternary
34
Paleogene
- 65-25 mya - continents spread across Earth's surface
35
Neogene
- 25-2 mya - grassland supported herd animals + predators
36
Quaternary
- 2 mya - present - Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
37
Pleistocene Epoch
- 14,000 years ago + marks the end of the last facial maximum
38
Holocene Epoch
- 12,000 years ago - present - biosphere main source for driving climate - geologically "quiet" - climate proxy - Warm climate → more plants → less CO2 in atmosphere → less greenhouse effect → cooling → colder climate → less plants → more CO2 in atmosphere → more greenhouse effect → warm climate
39
Golden Spike
a geological marker that identifies an event that had a significant impact on geological history
40
Golden Spike Requirements:
- a principal marke (ex. rock layer) - secondary markers - spatial correlation - complete continuous sedimentation above and below marker - free accessibility - conversation provisions
41
Charles Lyell
created Holocene concept
42
Lewis and Maslin's Paper
discuss options for when the Anthropocene started (ex. rice production, farming, the Columbian Exchange, etc.)
43
Crawford Lake
AWG Proposal for the Anthropocene + golden spike
44
Neoglacial
- cooling trend during the Holocene (aberration)
45
Medieval Warm Period
- occurred during Neoglacial trend - 1000 CE - decreased geological activity - sunspots/solar radiation --> increased warming - changes in ocean circulation
46
Little Ice Age
- occurred during Neoglacial trend - 1600s - changes in ocean circulation - Viking colonies expanded during MWP + collapsed during LIA - Northern European vineyards collapsed --> introduced vodka, gin
47
Evolution of Primates
Late Cretaceous Period
48
Charles Darwin
- proposed Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - wrote The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection
49
Thomas Malthus
- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population - utopian society
50
Charles Darwin's Four Main Observations
1.) Organisms beget like organisms 2.) Variations exist among individuals in a population; some are heritable 3.) More offspring are produced than the environment can support 4.) Some organisms have greater fitness than others
51
List of Homids and Homidae
Plesiadapis, Aegyptopicthecus, New World Monkeys, Dryopithecus, Early Hominins, Homo Habilis, and Homo sapiens
52
Plesiadapis
- early primates (55 mya) - arboreal (tree lifestyle) - primarily in North America
53
Aegyptopicthecus
- old world monkeys (35 mya) - Prehensile (tail that can be used as an appendage) - eyes moving towards front - Southern Europe + Africa
54
New World Monkeys
- thought that old-world monkeys came on rafts into the new-world - opposable thumb, tail, and straightforward eyes
55
Proconsul Transition
- transition between monkeys and apes (20 mya) - no tails, arms are longer than legs - new niche of colder climate
56
Dryopithecus
- modern ape ancestor (15 mya) - no facial hair - adaptable
57
Early Hominins
- 6.5 mya - larger heads - bipedal (two legs for walking)
58
Homo Habilis
- lived in east and south Africa (2.3 mya) - cognitive abilities evolved - lived in groups (social species/family structure)
59
Homo sapiens
- appeared 300,000 years ago in Africa

EVST 2020 Science for the Anthropocene (1 decks)

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