Module 1: THE BODY Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the functional relevance of a structure
No additional information
2
Q
Functional Morphology
A
The relationship between structure and function
No additional information
3
Q
True or False
All the above dictate homeostasis and disruptions result in disease (i.e., pathology)
A
True
4
Q
What are the 6 requirements for survival?
A
Water
Homeostatic balance of body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Appropriate physiologic pH
Nutrients
Electrolytes
5
Q
Water
A
Most abundant and makes up most cells, provides the environment needed for chemical reactions
No additional information
6
Q
Atmospheric pressure
A
i.e., concentration of gases to allow for gas exchange with the lungs (air is ~80% nitrogen)
No additional information
7
Q
Nutrients
A
Chemicals for energy and building of cells
Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins
8
Q
Electrolytes
A
Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium
No additional information
9
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Major source of energy
No additional information
10
Q
Proteins
A
Needed for cell building and cell chemistry
No additional information
11
Q
Fats
A
Long-term energy storage
No additional information
12
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite environmental changes which is maintained by the contribution of all organ systems.
Homeostasis means balance or equilibrium. It is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes
13
Q
What are examples of homeostasis?
A
- Body temperature
- Sweating (when we’re hot)
- Erector pilli muscles (when we’re cold to warm us up)
- Blood pH
- Heart rate
- Respiratory rate
No additional information
14
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Observation of structures at the level of the unaided eye (anatomy with the scalpel)
e.g., observations of the innervation patterns of skeletal muscle and studying the juncture of cystic duct v bile duct
15
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Dissection
No additional information
16
Q
Radiological anatomy
A
non-invasive imaging
No additional information
17
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
e.g., cardiovascular
18
Q
Regional anatomy
A
The study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region
e.g., abdominopelvic
19
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
‘Carnegie’ stages
No additional information
20
Q
Histology
A
Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue; e,g, dermatological lesions
Concerns tissue and cellular anatomy
e.g., goblet cells of the colon
e.g., rods v cones within the mammalian retina
21
Q
Ultrastructure
A
Studies structure with the use of electron microscopy
e.g., mitochondria number in skeletal muscle
e.g., the microvillus surface of intestinal epithelium
22
Q
Other observations of anatomy
A
involve various noninvasive ‘imaging’ techniques that provide for photographic or computed reconstructed images
e.g., X-rays, MRI, Cat scan, PET scan
23
Q
True or false
Not all people have ‘normal’ position of organs
A
True
24
Q
Situs solitus
A
normal arrangement
No additional information
25
Situs inversus
reversed position of organs
Transposition of the great vessels of the heart
26
What is an example of situs inversus?
Transposition of the great vessels of the heart
## Footnote
Oxygenated blood goes to the lungs, deoxygenated goes to the body (opposite of what is normal)
27
Situs perversus
one organ atypically positioned
## Footnote
No additional information
28
What are the 11 organ systems?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male & female reproductive
29
True or false
Combining names of two systems provides the relationships between two systems (e.g., musculoskeletal system, cardiopulmonary system, urogenital system, etc.)
True
30
Standard Anatomical Position
Body erect with feet flat & slightly angled outward; arms straight and palms forward
## Footnote
No additional information
31
Frontal plane
front and back
## Footnote
No additional information
32
Sagittal plane
side/side
## Footnote
No additional information
33
Transverse plane
top/bottom
## Footnote
No additional information
34
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
## Footnote
The sternum is anterior to the heart
35
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
## Footnote
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea
36
Ventral
Toward the anterior side
## Footnote
The abdomen is the ventral side of the body
37
Dorsal
Toward the posterior side
## Footnote
The scapulae are dorsal to the rib cage
38
Superior
Above
## Footnote
The heart is superior to the diaphragm
39
Inferior
Below
## Footnote
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm
40
Cephalic
Toward the head or superior end
## Footnote
The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain
41
Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
## Footnote
The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem
42
Caudal
Toward the tail or inferior end
## Footnote
The spinal cord is caudal to the brain
43
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
## Footnote
The heart is medial to the lungs
44
True or false
In humans only; definition differs for other animals. In human anatomy, anterior and posterior are usually used in place of ventral and dorsal.
True
45
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
## Footnote
The eyes are lateral to the nose
46
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
## Footnote
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
47
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
## Footnote
The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers
48
Ispilateral
On the same side of the body
## Footnote
The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
49
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
## Footnote
The spleen is contralateral to the liver
50
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
## Footnote
The skin is superficial to the muscles
51
Deep
Farther from the body surface
## Footnote
The bones are deep to the muscles
52
Palmar
Towards the palm
53
Volar
Towards the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
54
Plantar
Towards the sole of the foot
55
Unilateral
Only on one side of the body
56
Bilateral
On both sides of the body
57
Varus
Medial deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint
## Footnote
bow legs
58
Valgus
Lateral deviation of the distal portion of a bone or joint
## Footnote
knocked knees
59
Axial region
Head
Neck (cervical region)
Trunk (thoracic region, abdominal region)
60
How many quadrants is the abdomen divided into?
Four quadrants [lines that cross the umbilicus]
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
61
The "landmarks" of the abdomen
Midclavicular line Subcostal line Intertubercular line
62
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of the liver Gallbladder Right kidney Portions of stomach Small and large intestine
63
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver Stomach Pancreas Left kidney Spleen Portions of large intestine
64
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum Vermiform appendix Portions of small intestine Reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male) Right ureter
65
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Most of small intestine Portions of large intestine Left ureter Reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
66
Nine regions of the abdomen
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
67
What does the appendicular region consist of?
The upper and lower limbs
68
Upper limbs
Arm (brachial) e.g. brachial artery Forearm (antebrachial) Wrist (carpal) Hand (manus) Fingers (digits)
69
Lower limbs
Thigh (femoral) Leg (crural) Ankle (tarsal) Foot (pedal)
70
Four major body cavities
Cranial Vertebral Thoracic Abdominopelvic
71
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
Heart and lungs
72
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
73
The pericardial cavity sets inside the ____
Mediastinum
74
What does the vertebral cavity contain?
Spinal cord
75
What does the cranial cavity contain?
Brain
76
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
77
Cavities are lined with ________ and contain fluid
epithelial membranes
78
The cranial cavity is enclosed by ___
the cranium
79
The vertebral canal is enclosed by ___
the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
80
Both cranial cavity and vertebral canal are lined by
meninges (dura mater) a protection and anchoring of the spinal cord of brain
81
What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
-Divided into several smaller cavities - Pleural cavity - Mediastinum - Pericardial cavity
82
What does the pleural cavity contain?
It contains lungs with visceral and parietal pleura.
83
What does the pericardial cavity contain?
It contains the heart, visceral and parietal pericardium, and pericardial fluid
84
What does pericardial fluid do?
Allows movement of visceral and parietal pericardium across each other. Minimizes friction between the layers of the pericardium as they rub against each other with every heartbeat.
85
Parietal always means ____
lining the wall
86
Visceral always means _____
lining the organ itself
87
Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?
-Superior portion -Contains most of the digestive organs -Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters
88
Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Pelvic cavity -Inferior portion -Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs Here we have the visceral and parietal peritoneum
89
Visceral always means _____
lining the organ itself
## Footnote
Example sentence: Visceral pericardium covers the heart
90
Abdominopelvic- What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Superior portion
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and proximal ureters
91
Abdominopelvic- What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Inferior portion
Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
92
What are the 5 smaller cavities?
Orbital cavity
Oral cavity
Nasal Cavity
Middle Ear Cavity
Synovial Cavity
93
What does the nasal cavity do?
Filters, warms, and moistens air
## Footnote
Additional information: Helps to filter out pathogens that are attempting to enter our lungs
94
Flexion
Towards the anterior
95
Extension
Towards the posterior
96
Abduction
Away from the midline
97
Adduction
Towards the midline
98
Rotation
Rotational movement along the axis
99
Circumduction
Combined flexion/extension/abduction/adduction in a circular pattern
100
Internal (medial) rotation
Rotation towards the central axis of the body
101
Elevation
Towards the superior direction
102
Depression
Towards the inferior direction
103
Supination
Rotation of the forearm with the palm anterior / facing up
104
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm with the palm posterior / facing down
105
Inversion
Rotation of the ankle towards the midline
106
Eversion
Rotation of the ankle away from the midline
107
Protusion
Movement of the jaw anteriorly
108
Occlusion
Closing of the jaw
109
Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm
110
Imaging often used in medicine
X-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron emission testing (PET) Scan
111
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
112
Homeostatic control of variables involves three components:
1. Receptor (sensor)
Monitors environment
Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)
2. Control center
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response (increase or decrease)
3. Factors that can change include (effectors): blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume (pressure), hormone levels, ion content, metabolic rate, etc.
113
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback counteracts a change, bringing the value of a parameter back towards it set point.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors
114
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback is when a response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
115
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology and identify several branches of each.
Anatomy is the study of the structural basis of body function.
Physiology is the study of functional relevance of a structure.
Branches: Gross anatomy, surface anatomy, radiological anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, developmental anatomy.
116
Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization.
Cell > organelles > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
Cell >
The smallest unit of life.
Organelles >
Any specialized structure within a cell that perform a specific function
Tissue >
Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Organ >
Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
Organ system >
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
Organism >
Living being that has cellular structure and that can independently perform physiologic functions necessary for life.
117
Identify the functional characteristics of human life.
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction
118
Identify the four requirements for human survival.
Oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure
119
X-ray
A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation that produce images of the structures inside your body, especially bones.
## Footnote
Example sentence: X-rays are commonly used to diagnose fractures
120
Computed tomography (CT)
A noninvasive imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced-cross-sectional x-ray image is obtained, including bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues.
## Footnote
Example sentence: CT scans are useful in detecting tumors
121
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.
## Footnote
Example sentence: MRIs are commonly used to diagnose brain disorders
122
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.
123
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A noninvasive medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.
## Footnote
Aneurysms, MS, stroke, spinal cord disorders, tumors, blood vessel issues, joint or tendon injuries
124
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Use radioactive drugs (tracers) and a scanning machine to show how your tissues and organs are functions.
## Footnote
Cancer, heart disease, CAD, alzheimer's disease, seizures, epilepsy, parkinson's disease
125
Ultrasonography
An imaging technique that uses high-frequency ultrasonic waves to produce images of organs and structures within the body. Least invasive.
## Footnote
More freely used in pregnancy, breast lumps, genital/prostate issues, joint inflammation, blood flow problems, used to guide biopsies
