Module 1: The Origin & Structure of the Earth

Question 1

The Name comes from one of its Main Oppositors. The Universe was concentrated at a Singularity. How Expansion is proved.

Answer 1

The Big Bang Theory

Question 2

4 Main Scientists that contributed to the Big Bang Theory:

Answer 2

Alexander Friedmann, Georges Lemaitre, Edwin Hubble, George Gamow

Question 3

With the Electromagnetic Spectrum (Increasing & Decreasing of Wavelengths.)

Answer 3

Doppler Effect

Question 4

Afterglow of Microwaves generated after the Creation of the Universe.

Answer 4

Cosmic Microwave Background

Question 5

Developed in 1981 by Alan Guth. First Moments after the Big Bang, the Four Fundamental Forces were joined. Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until the Separation of both of the Nuclear Forces when an Enormous Liberation of Energy was originated.

Answer 5

Inflation Theory (Alan Guth, 1981)

Question 6

Developed by Edward Milne. He named this thesis as “Cosmological Beginning”
According to this theory, the universe does not have a beginning or an end.

In 1948, some astronomers added New Concepts to this beginning, and changed the name to “Perfect Cosmological Beginning”.

Answer 6

Stationary Theory (Edward Milne, 1948)

Question 7

Developed by Paul Steinhard.

This theory holds that our Universe would be the Last One of Many originated in the past, after Successive Explosions (Big Bang) and Contractions (Big Crunch).

It is a Never Ending Cycle known as the Oscillating Universe.

Answer 7

Oscillating Theory

Question 8

He proposes that the Universe (Cosmos) revolves around the earth which is latter is stationary.

It is known as Earth-Centered or also called as Geocentric Theory.

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Showed an Earth-Centered Universe, wherein Key Elements such as; Planets, Moon, and the Sun were revolving around the Earth.

Answer 9

Ptolemy

Question 10

Published his theory as Opposition to the Earth-Centered Theory and he called it the Heliocentric Theory in which the Universe’s Centre is the Sun (Sun-Centered.)

The Sun-Centered or Heliocentric was First Proposed by a Greek Philosopher named Aristarchus.

Answer 10

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 11

Kepler proposed that the planets moved in somewhat like an Elliptical Imaginary Pathway or Orbits around the Sun. (Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion.)

Answer 11

Johannes Kepler

Question 12

He Built the First Observatory and Created a Catalog of Stars.

Answer 12

Tycho Brahe

Question 13

He described Wide-Scale Movements of Planets, Stars, Moons and Galaxies throughout the Universe.

He proposed the Law of Universal Gravitation (Gravity is a Force of Attraction that exists between any two bodies, masses, or particles.)

Answer 13

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 14

First used Telescopes to observe the sky.

Provided concrete evidences to strengthen the Heliocentric Theory (Sun-Centered) such as;
Galilei noticed Jupiter Moons orbiting around it.

Galilei named the Features of the Moon - Craters & Mountains.

Galilei observed the Spots of the Sun.

Galilei observed the Phases of the Planet Venus orbiting around the Sun.

Answer 14

Galileo Galilei

Question 15

He published the General Theory of Relativity showing that an energy density warps space and time.

Answer 15

Albert Einstein

Question 16

He suggested that the Celestial Objects – Sun, Planets, Moons, Comets, and Others – were formed as a Nebula - A Massive of Thin Veil like Gas.

Answer 16

Immanuel Kant

Question 17

He strengthened the Nebular Hypothesis as support to the Contribution of Kant.

He suggested specific and various observations about the Nebular Theory.

Answer 17

Pierre Simon Marquis De Laplace

Question 18

They presented that a small solid body of a planet revolves around the gaseous molecule.

They called it the Planetesimal Theory - A small solid body of a planet revolves around the gaseous molecule.

Answer 18

Forest Ray Moulton & Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin

Question 19

He showed that the Sun as a Surviving Star formed from Binary Stars or Double Stars that undergo disruptions caused by the Passing Star and transform into a Vast Expanse of Swirling Gases.

He gives a Better Explanation on the Origin of the Solar System compared to other versions of the Collision Theory.

Answer 19

Raymond Arthur Lyttleton

Question 20

He proposed the Theory of Dust-Cloud which explains the Formation of the Solar System (Former Vast Cloud of Cosmic Dust & Gases), Sun developed from the gases of the former cloud and planets developed from the solid particles collided and stuck together.

Answer 20

Fred L. Whipple

Question 21

Hubble demonstrated the Existence of Galaxies, using his 100-in Reflecting Telescope, Redshift and thus showed the expansion of the universe.

Answer 21

Edwin Hubble

Question 22

He discovered the First Quasar - appeared to be stars, but they have a large redshift in their Spectra indicating that they are receding from the earth at great speeds.

Short term for Quasi-Stellar Radio Source.

Many believed that Quasars are cores of distant galaxies, most distant objects yet seen.

Answer 22

Maarten Schmidt (M. Schmidt)

Question 23

She discovered the Pulsars - a rotating neutron star that gives off sharp regular pulses of radio waves at rates ranging from 0.001 to 4 seconds.

Pulsars are formed by the Collapse of a Star with 1.4 to 4 times the Mass of the Sun.

Answer 23

Susan Jocelyn Bell

Question 24

Important Characteristics in Supporting Life:

Answer 24

The Presence of Liquid Water
The Ability to Maintain Heat
The Existence of its Atmosphere

Question 25

It allowed the First Photosynthetic Organisms to thrive.
Organisms such as: Cyanobacteria used Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and Water to produce Biomass and Oxygen.

An essential component of the Atmosphere.
These single-celled organisms would then evolve into organisms present today.

Answer 25

The Presence of Liquid Water

Question 26

It drives the different systems necessary to support life on earth come from two sources: From Earth and From the Sun.

Heat coming from Earth is caused by the Rejected Heat from the Radioactive Decay of the Materials in the Core and Mantle and extruded Via active tectonic activities, such as Volcanism and Plate Movement.

Heat is also provided by the Sun. As the radiation from the sun enters the Earth, some of the heat is trapped by the atmosphere.

Answer 26

The Ability to Maintain Heat

Question 27

This causes the greenhouse phenomenon needed by plants to carry on with photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis also ensures the right amount and flow of gases on Earth.

Without it, there would be too much greenhouse gases that would cause global warming.

Answer 27

The Existence of its Atmosphere

Question 28

The 4 Major Components of the Earth System:

Answer 28

1. Atmosphere
2. Biosphere
3. Hydrosphere
4. Geosphere

Question 29

It is a blanket of air that surrounds the Earth.

Answer 29

Atmosphere

Question 30

The Atmosphere consists of 4 Unique Layers:

Answer 30

1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere

Question 31

It is the solid earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well the various Layers of Earth’s Interior.

Answer 31

Geosphere

Question 32

It is the “Life Zone” of the Earth.

It includes all living organisms (Including Humans) and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.

Answer 32

Biosphere

Question 33

This contains all the water found on the planet.

Answer 33

Hydrosphere