Module 1: THE PLANT KINGDOM PART A Flashcards
(35 cards)
Botanical Classification part A
- Plants classified by _____ / similar _____.
- Groups -> _____ groups -> _____ groups -> Single _____
- __ major groupings of organisms are “_____” :
The _____ Kingdom & The ____ Kingdom.
Plants classified by groups/similar characteristics.
Groups -> Smaller Groups -> Sub Groups -> Single Plant
2 major groupings of organisms are “KINGDOMS”:
The Plant Kingdom & The Animal Kingdom
Botanical Classification part B (groupings)
Please Don’t Call Orders For Greg, Sorry Veronica
All plants ÷ into PHYLA
Phyla can be ÷ into DIVISIONS
Divisions ÷ into CLASSES
Classes ÷ into ORDERS
Orders ÷ into FAMILIES
Families ÷ into GENERA
Genera ÷ into SPECIES
Species ÷ into VARIETIES (sometimes)
Horticultural Phyla (plant phyla we’re concerned with)
Anthophyta: _____ plant. _____ bearing.
_____: produces cones. _____ seed bearing.
Pterophyta: Plants that reproduce by _____.
_____: first leaves appear in a pair of __. _____ system. Veins are ___ ____.
Monocotyledonae: first leaf appears as a _____ leaf. _____ are parallel. _____ root system.
Anthophyta: flowering plant, seed bearing
Coniferophyta: produces cones, naked seed bearing
Pterophyta: plants that reproduce by spores
Dicotyledonae: first leaves appear in pair of 2. Taproot system. Veins are NOT parallel
Monocotyledonae: first leaf appears as single leaf. Veins ARE parallel. Fibrous root system.
Plant Families & Species
(distinguishing which “family” a plant belongs to)
Lamiaceae family: Foliage _____. Stalks are 4-sided / _____. Flowers have __ distinct lips. (_____)
_____ family: Leaves usually _____-shaped. Plants commonly originate in _____ region. (PHILODENDRON)
Asteraceae family: Plants have “_____” like flowers. (CHRYSANTHEMUM)
_____ family: Flowers occur in an _____ like head on a _____ stalk. (_____)
Lamiaceae family (lay-me-a-cee-eye): foliage perfumed. stalks 4 sided/square. flowers have 2 distint lips. (MINT)
Araceae family (ah-ray-cee-eye): leaves usually heart-shaped. plants commonly originated in tropical region. (PHILODENDRON)
Asteraceae family (ah-ster-a-cee-eye): plants have “daisy” like flowers. (CHRYSANTHEMUM)
Apiaceae family (a-pee-a-cee-eye): flowers occur in an umbrella like head on single stalk. (PARSLEY)
What is a Hybrid, Variety, Cultivar, Sub-Species
Hybrid plant: resulted from __ _____ species _____-breeding. Parent plants almost _____ in the same Genus. Most hybrids are bred by _____.
EXAMPLE: (Eucalyptus ‘Torwood’ = Eucalyptus torquata x woodwardii)
_____ plant: plant of _____ species. Does _____ have parents from 2 different species.
EXAMPLE: (Camella japonica ‘Desire’ is a variety of Camella japonica)
Cultivar: “Cultivated variety”. A _____ of cultivated plants clearly distinguishable by certain _____. This trait must be _____ _____ to offspring (sexually or asexually) for it to be a _____ cultivar.
EXAMPLE: (seedless grapes, watermelon, tomatoes)
_____-_____: _____ occuring geographical variant of a species. Does NOT _____ for this reason.
Hybrid plant: resulted from 2 DIFFERENT species cross-breeding. Parent plants almost always in the SAME GENUS. Most hybrids bred by HUMAN.
EXAMPLE: (Eucalyptus ‘Torwood’ = Eucalyptus torquata x woodwardii)
Variety plant: plant of ONE SPECIES. Does NOT have parents from 2 different species.
EXAMPLE: (Camella japonica ‘Desire’ is a variety of Camella japonica)
Cultivar: “Cultivated variety”. A group of cultivated plants clearly distinguishable by certain characteristics. This trait must be passed down to offspring (sexually or asexually) for it to be a true cultivar.
EXAMPLE: (seedless grapes, watermelons, tomatoes)
Sub-Species: NATURALLY occuring geographical variant of a species. Does not interbreed for this reason.
Botanical Keys Tips
Essential tool used for positive identification of a plant species.
IMPORTANT REMINDERS:
- May find specimen that hasn’t been included. in the key, but successfully matches an INCORRECT answer. Always check plant description to confirm.
- Some plant groups are quite variabe. FOR EXAMPLE: leaf may be highly variable in one particular species. It’s difficult for key to describe all specimen found.
-Carefully read both (or all) choices at each step when “keying out”
-Good idea to write down all the choices while you go, just incase you need to retrace.
How to use a Botanical Key
- Most keys are DICHOTOMOUS (lists 2 choices at each step), but there are some exceptions
- Start at the beginning of the key (usually labeled “A” or “1”). Read description of the plant, if the plant fits the description, continue.
- If the plant does NOT fit the description, go to alternative
description (labeled “A” or “1”) - Read the description you’ve arrived at. If the plant fits the description, continue reading directly below.
- If the plant does NOT fit description, go to alternative
(“A” or “1”) - At some point you’ll arrive at a group name for the plant - this will be listed after a description. It may be a family, genus, species, or even a group. This is the group your plant belongs to.
Characteristics of Araceae
(auh-ray-cee-aye)
The “_____” usually characterised by _____-shaped leaves, and _____ which have a single large _____-like protusion.
The “Aroids” usually characterised by heart-shaped leaves, and flowers which have a single large finger-like protusion
examples: (Philodendron, Anthurium, Caladium, Diffenbachia, Syngonium)
Characteristics of Asteraceae (syn. Compositae)
(ah-ster-a-cee-aye)
The “_____” comprise a very large family of about ___ genera and __,___ species.
Flowers are a composite of _____ small flowers _____ together to appear as ___ flower.
If flower is _____ apart, you can see it made up of _____ units, each having its ___ set of _____ _____.
Some Asteraceae flowers are _____ and have only _____ floral parts.
The “Daisies” comprise a very large family of about 800 genera and 12,000 species.
Flowers are a composite of several small flowers fused together to appear as one flower.
If flower is pulled apart, you can see it made up of individual units, each one having its own set of floral parts.
Some Asteraceae flowers are incomplete and have only some of the floral parts.
examples: (Chrysanthemum, Lactuca (lettuce), Helianthus (sunflower), Dahlia, Zinnia, Tagetes (marigold)
Characteristics of Lamiaceae (syn. Labiatae)
(lame-ee-ace-ee-aye)
The “_____” include around 160 _____ and _,____ species.
The stems are roughly ___-_____ (square/rectangel in cross section).
The _____ are simple and _____. Flowers are ___ _____.
Often mints can be identified by their _____ when the leaves are _____.
The “Mints” include around 160 genera and 3,000 species.
The stems are roughly four sided (square/rectangle in cross section).
The leaves are simple (not divided), and are whorled. Flowers are two lipped.
Often mints can be identified by their smell when the leaves are crushed.
examples: (Mentha (mint), Thymus (thyme) , Sage, Lavendula (lavender), Coleus, Rosmarinus (rosemary)).
Characteristics of Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae)
(fab-aye-cee-aye)
Fabaceae includes around ___ genera.
The “___” or “_____” were _____ in recent years.
Splitting from the one old family, “Leguminosae”, into __ new families: “C_____”, “M_____”, and “P_____”.
Legumes are characterised by a ___-type _____.
Fabaceae includes around 500 genera.
The “Peas” or “Legumes” were reclassified in recent years.
Splitting from the one old family, “Leguminosae”, into three new families: Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae, and Papilionaceae.
Legumes are characterised by a pod-type fruit.
examples: (Acacia, Wisteria, Phaseolus (bean), Pisum (pea), Trifolium (clover)).
Characteristics of Ranunculaceae
(ruh-nun-cue-lace-ee-aye)
The “_____” have about ___ genera and 1,200 _____ mainly in temperate and _____ regions.
Flower parts are _____ and _____.
The “Buttercups” have about 300 genera and 1,200 species mainly in temperate and arctic regions.
Flower parts are regular and hypogenous.
examples: (Delphinium, Ranunculus, Anemone, Clematis).
Characteristics of Brassicaceae (syn. Crucifereae)
(Bra-see-kay-cee-aye)
The “Brassicas” include about ___ genera and 1,800 _____ from temperate and ___-_____ regions.
All are _____ and many are annuals.
Flowers _____, but in large numbers and therefore _____. They are complete, regular, and _____.
There are __ septals and 4 _____. There are __ _____, 4 larger than __.
The “Brassicas” include about 200 genera and 1,800 species from temperate and sub-arctic regions.
All are herbaceous and many are annuals.
Flowers small, but in large numbers and therefore conspicuous. They are complete, regular, and hypogenous.
There are 4 sepals and 4 petals. There are 6 stamens, four larger than 2.
examples of Brassicas: (Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, Mustard, Kale)
Ornamental genera: (Alyssum, Matthiola (stock), Nasturtium (Tropaeolum).
Characteristics of Solanaceae
(sow-luh-nay-see-aye)
The flowers are generally __ lobed (5 petals and __ _____).
The “Solanum” fmaily includes _____, _____, eggplant, tobacco, etc.
The flowers are generally 5 lobed (5 petals and 5 sepals).
The “Solanum” family includes tomatoes, potato, capiscum, eggplant (aubergine), petunia, belladonna, tobacco, and weeds like Deadly Nightshade.
Characteristics of Apiaceae (syn. Umbelliferae)
(a-pee-aye-cee-aye)
The “_____” family is characterised by _____ stems and a flower head in an _____ shape (ie. umbel).
There are __ _____ alternating with petals, and there is a large number of _____ flowers on each _____.
The “Parsley” family is characterised by hollow stems and a flower head in an umbrella shape (ie. umbel).
There are 5 stamens alternating with petals, and there is a large number of individual flowers on each umbel.
examples: (parsley, celery, fennel, angelica, dill).
Characteristics of Rosaceae
(ro-sa-cee-aye)
Flowers are generally regular, and the ____ are born on a floral disc.
_____ are usually _____ or _____-like, encasing a hard seed.
The “_____” family includes a wide variety of genera commonly used in _____ horticulture.
Flowers are generally regular, and the parts are born on a floral disc.
Fruits are usually soft or berry like-, encasing a hard seed.
The “Rose” family includes a wide variety of genera commonly used in amenity horticulture.
Examples: (Rosa (rose), Prunus (peach, cherry, apricot, plum), Malus (apple), Trees, Shrubs, and heraceous perennials.
Characteristics of Cucurbitaceae
(cue-cur-b-tay-cee-aye)
The “_____” include a few amenity plants.
They are more important as _____ and weeds. (examples: _____, cucumber, _____.)
They are _____ season plants with a _____ habit.
Flowers are __-_____ and often _____.
The “Cucurbits” include few amenity plants.
They are more important as crops and weeds (example: Pumplin, cucumber, melon.).
They are warm season plants with a creeping habit.
Flowers are 5-lobed and often monoecious (either male or female parts only).
Characteristics of Myrtaceae
(Mur-tay-see-eye)
The “Mrytle” family is very significant among _____ and _____ plants.
Foliage has ___ glands and if _____ an aroma can be detected.
_____ on the flowers are usually _____
The “Mrytle” family is very significant among Australian and Asian plants.
Foliage has oil glands (seen as small faint dots on leaf) and if bruised an aroma can be detected.
Petals on the flowers usually insignificant.
Examples: (Eucalyptus, Agonis, Astartea)
Characteristics of Proteaceae
(pro-tee-ay-see-ee)
The “Protea” family is well represented in _____ and _____ flora.
Tends to have _____ petals and dry, _____ leaves.
Seeds _____ and have a mass of _____ hairs attatched.
The “Protea” family is well represented in Austrailian and African flora.
Tends to have insignificant petals, dry thick leaves.
Seeds are large and have a mass of furry hairs attached.
Examples (Banksia, Dryandra)
Characteristics of Bromeliaceae
(Bro-meel-e-ay-see-eye)
The “Bromeliads” are a group of _____ with a “___” type of growth (similar to top of a pineapple)
Commonly grown for amenity purposes in ___ either _____ or protected poistions outside.
The “Bromeliads” are a group of monocotyledons with a “spike” type of growth (like the top of a pineapple (the only type of crop species in this family)).
Commonly grown for amenity purposes in pots either indoors or protected positions outside.
Some grow well as epiphytes or planted in garden beds.
Characteristics of Gesneriaceae
(Jess-neri-ay-see-eye)
The “Gesneriads” include ___ species, most of the cultivated ones being grown as _____ plants.
Leaves commonly _____ and, to a degree, _____
Flowers are normally ___ shaped.
The “Gesneriads” include 500 species, most of the cultivated ones being grown as indoor plants.
Leaves commonly thick and, to a degree, fleshy
Flowers are normally bell shaped.
Examples: (Saintpaulia (African Violet), Gloxinia)
Characteristics of Orchidaceae
(Orchid-ay-see-eye)
The “Orchids” include around __,_____ species, mainly from _____ climates, but with some extending to colder regions.
Flowers are _____ and complex.
The corolla is _____. The _____ unite with the pistil to form a structure called the _____.
All forms are _____ and have _____ roots.
The “Orchids” include around 15,000 species, mainly from warmer climates, but with some extending to colder regions.
Flowers are showy and complex
The corolla is irregular. The stamens unite with the pistil to form a structure called the column.
All forms are perennials and have tuberous roots.
Characteristics of Liliaceae
(Lily-ay-see-eye)
The “Lillies” include _,____ species, many being _____
Flowers have __ petals, usually _____, but sometimes fused.
The _____ is superior (sits about point where you find base of petals).
The “Lillies” include 2,000 species, many being bulbs.
Flowers have 6 petals, usually seperate, but sometimes fused.
The ovary is superior (sits above point where you find base of petals)
Examples: (asparagus, onions, tulips, hyacinth, day lily, aloe)
Characteristics of Poaceae
(Poe-see-eye)
The “Grasses” include around _,____ species.
Most are _____ though a few are woody (such as _____).
Also include crop plants like _____, barely, oats.
The “Grasses” include around 4,500 species.
Most are herbaceous though a few are woody (such as the bamboos).
Also includes crop plants like wheat, barely, oats.
