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FOCA > Module 1: Trunk MSK > Flashcards

Module 1: Trunk MSK Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of head, neck, trunk

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

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3
Q

cartilage

A

resilient, semirigid, avascular connective tissue

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4
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers articulating surfaces of bones

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5
Q

what are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  1. compact (trabecular) bone

2. spongy (cancellous) bone

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6
Q

sesamoid bones

A

(e.g. patella) develop in certain tendons, protect tendons from excessive wear

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7
Q

condyle

A

rounded articular area of bone

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8
Q

crest

A

ridge of bone (e.g. iliac crest)

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9
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat area, usually covered w/ cartilage, where ab one articulates w/ another bone

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10
Q

foramen

A

passage through a bone

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11
Q

line (linea)

A

linear elevation (e/g/ soleal line of the tibia)

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12
Q

malleolus

A

rounded prominance

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13
Q

notch

A

indentation at the edge of a bone

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14
Q

process

A

projecting spine-like process (e.g. spine of the scapula)

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15
Q

trochanter

A

large, blunt elevation

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16
Q

tubercule

A

small, raised eminence (e/g/ greater tubercle of humerus)

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17
Q

tuberosity

A

rounded elevation (e.g. ischial tuberosity)

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18
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

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19
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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20
Q

epiphyses

A

end of long bone

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21
Q

number of vertebrae by region

A

33

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5
coccygeal: 4

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22
Q

lumbosacral angle

A

located at the junction of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and sacrum

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23
Q

intervertebral (IV) discs

A

joints that connect presaracal vertebral column, provides felxible portion of spine

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24
Q

how many curvatures are there in the vertebral column?

A 
4 all together
2 primary (thoracic and sacral)
2 secondary (cervical and lumbar)
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25
Q

insertion of the descending part of the trapezius

A

clavicle (lateral one third)

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26
Q

origin of the descending part of the trapezius

A

occipital bone: spinous process of C1-C7

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27
Q

innervation of the trapezius

A

accessory nerve; cervical plexus

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28
Q

action of the descending part of the trapezius

A

draws scapula obliquely upward; rotates glenoid cavity superiorly; tilts head to same side and rotates it to opposite

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29
Q

action of the transverse part of the trapezius

A

draws scapula medially

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30
Q

action of the ascending part of the trapezius

A

draws scapula medially downward

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31
Q

list the three types of joints

A
  1. synovial
  2. cartilaginous
  3. fibrous
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32
Q

list the three types of fibrous joints and their functions

A
  1. syndesmosis: unites bones w/ sheet of fibrous tissue-ligament or fibrous membrane
  2. gomphosis: peg-like fibrous process stabilizing a tooth
  3. suture: holds bones tightly in place, does not allow movement
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33
Q

list the two types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. primary cartilaginous joint (synchondroses): united by hyaline cartilage, permit growth of bone and allow slight bending during development
  2. secondary cartilaginous joints (symphysis): strong, slightly mobile joints, united by fibrocartilage
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34
Q

what type of cartilage is found in syncondroses?

A

hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

what type of cartilage is found in symphyses?

A

fibrous cartilage

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36
Q

list the 6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. hinge (elbow joint)
  2. ball and socket (hip joint)
  3. plane (acromioscavicular joint)
  4. pivot (atlanto-axial joint)
  5. condyloid (metacarpalphalangeal joit)
  6. saddle (carpometacarpal joint)
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37
Q

list the common bony structures of all vertebrae

A 
body
vertebral foramen
vertebral arch
1 spinous process
2 transverse processes
4 articular processes (2 inferior, 2 superior)
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38
Q

discuss the features that distinguish thoracic vertebrae

A

GIRAFFE
body: heart shaped
transverse process: long and strong, gets smaller as you go down the thoracic vertebrae, T1-T10 have transverse costal facets for articulation w/ tubercle of rib.
vertebral foramen: circular, small, 1 or 2 bilateral costal facets that articulate with the head of the rib.
spinous process: long, slopes posterior/inferior, overlaps w/ adjacent vertebral body
articulating facets: superior points lateral/posterior, inferior points medial anterior

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39
Q

discuss the features that distinguish lumbar vertebrae

A

MOOSE
body: massive, kidney-shaped
transverse process: long/slender
vertebral foramen: triangular
spinous process: short and sturdy, hatchet shaped
articulating facets: superior points posterior/medial, inferior points anterior/lateral

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40
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

weak, almost membranous ligament that connect adjacent spinous processes

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41
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

strong fibrous ligaments that that connect adjacent spinous processes, it goes up to C7, then merges w/ the nuchal ligament

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42
Q

nuchal ligament

A

strong, medial ligament of neck, composed of thickened fibroelastic tissue, extends from the external occipital protuberance to the supraspinous ligament inferiorly

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43
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

strong, broad fibrous band, covers and connects anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs. extends from pelvic surface of the sacrum to anterior tubercle of C1 (atlas) and the occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum.

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44
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

narrower, somewhat weaker than anterior longitudinal ligament, runs w/i the vertebral canal along posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies. extends from sacrum to C2 (axis).

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45
Q

ligamenta flava

A

yellow elastic fibrous tissue that connects laminae of adjacent vertebral arches, resist abrupt flexion of vertebral column, assist w/ straightening vertebral column after flexion

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46
Q

function of extrinsic back muscles

A

superficial back muscles, connect upper limbs to trunk, receive nerve supply for anterior rami of cervical nerves, act on upper limbs

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47
Q

trapezius

A
  1. extrinsic back muscle
  3. cranial nerve XI- spinal accessory nerve
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48
Q

function of intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A

thin muscles, commonly designated superficial respiratory muscles, more likely proprioceptive rather than motor though

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49
Q

function of intrinsic back muscles

A

deep back muscles, act to maintain posture, control movements of vertebral column, innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves

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50
Q

thoracocolumbar fascia

A

thoracic and lumbar parts of deep fascia that hold intrinsic back muscles in place. made up of anterior layer, middle layer, and posterior layer.

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51
Q

how are intrinsic muscles grouped?

A

superficial, intermediate, deep

52
Q

splenius cercivis

A

superficial intrinsic back muscle, thick, flat, lie on lateral and posterior aspects of neck covering vertical muscles (somewhat like a bandage)

  1. origin: arises from nuchal ligament and spinous process of T3-T6
  2. insertion: tubercles of transverse process of C1-C3 or C4
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: alone- laterally flex neck and rotate head; together w/ splenius captius- extend head
53
Q

splenius capitis

A

superficial intrinsic back muscle, thick, flat, lie on lateral and posterior aspects of neck covering vertical muscles (somewhat like a bandage)

  1. origin: arises from nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T4
  2. insertion: fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: alone- laterally flex neck and rotate head; together w/ splenius cervicis- extend head
54
Q

name the muscles that make up the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles

A
  1. splenius capitus

2. spleius cervicis

55
Q

name the muscle columns that make up the erector spinae

A
  1. iliocastalis: lateral column
  2. longissimus: intermediate column
  3. spinalis: medial column
56
Q

iliocostalis

A

lateral column of erector spinae, intermediate intrinsic back muscle, runs vertically.

  1. origin: broad ligament that attaches to post. part of iliac crest, post. surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament
  2. insertion: fibers run superiorly to ribs and transverse process of C4
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: bilaterally- extend spine and head, control movement during flexion of spine; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
57
Q

longissimus

A

medial column of erector spinae, intermediate intrinsic back muscle, runs vertically. LONGEST of erector spinae

  1. origin: broad ligament that attaches to post. part of iliac crest, post. surface of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament
  2. insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone, transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: bilaterally- extend spine and head, control movement during flexion of spine; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
58
Q

spinalis thoracic

A

medial column of erector spinae, intermediate intrinsic back muscle, runs vertically. LONGEST of erector spinae

  1. origin: L2
  2. insertion: T1
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: bilaterally- extend spine and head, control movement during flexion of spine; unilaterally- laterally flex vertebral column
59
Q

muscles included transversospinales muscle group

A

this group is the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles

  1. semispinalis
  2. multifidus
  3. rotatores
60
Q

name the muscles that compose the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles

A

transversospinales muscle group:

  1. semispinalis (superficial)
  2. multifidus (deep)
  3. rotatores (deepest)
61
Q

semispinalis

A

most superficial of the deep intrinsic back muscles

  1. origin: transverse process of C4-T10
  2. insertion: run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in upper THORACIC and CERVICAL regions
  3. innervation: posterior rami of the spinal nerves
  4. action: extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column, rotates them contralaterally
62
Q

multifidus

A

intermidate layer of the deep intrinsic back muscles

  1. origin: posterior sacrum, posteriosuperior iliacspine of ilum, aponeurosis of erector spinal, sacro-iliac ligaments, mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of THORACIC vertebrae and articular processes of C4-C7
  2. insertion: thickest in lumbar region, attach to spinous processes of vertebrae 1-2 segements superior or origin
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: unilateral- rotates to contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae during
63
Q

rotatores

A

deepest layer of the deep intrinsic back muscles

  1. origin: transverse process of vertebrae, best developed in thoracic region
  2. insertion: junction of laminae and spinous process of vertebrae immediate (brevis) or two segments (longus) superior to vertebrae of origin
  3. innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
  4. action: may be for proprioception, possibly stabilize vertebrae
64
Q

name the intrinsic back muscles

A

superficial: spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis
intermediate: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
deep: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

65
Q

name common structures seen on a typical rib (ribs 3-9)

A

heady, neck, tubercle, body (costal groove- protects intercostal nerve and vessels)

66
Q

sternal angle

A

superior edge of sternum that articulates w/ the manubrium

67
Q

jugular notch

A

superior angle of the manubrium

68
Q

clavicular notch

A

notches on each side of the manubrium that articulate w/ the first rib on either side.

69
Q

what rib articulates with the xiphisternal joint?

A

7th rib

70
Q

the head of the rib articulates w/ T6, what does the tubercle from the same rib articulate with?

A

T7

71
Q

intervertebral joint type

A

symphysis

72
Q

costovertebral joints of the head of the ribs are what kind of joint?

A

synovial plane joint

73
Q

costotransverse joint type (tubercle of rib articulating w/ vertebra)

A

synovial plane joint

74
Q

sternocostal joint types

A

1st rib: primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)

2nd-7th ribs: synovial plane joints

75
Q

sternoclavicular joint type

A

synovial saddle joint

76
Q

costochondral joint type

A

primary cartilaginous joint (synchondroses)

77
Q

what is the difference between the sternocostal joints and the costochondral joints?

A

sternocostal joints are medial (costal cartilage articulating w/ sternum)
costochondral joints are lateral (costals articulating w/ costal cartilage)

78
Q

interchondral joint

A

articulation of costal cartilages of ribs 6-9

79
Q

interchondral joint type

A

synovial plane joint

80
Q

manubriosternal joint type

A

secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

81
Q

xiphisternal joint type

A

primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis)

82
Q

list the fascia and structures of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep (12 layers)

A
  1. skin
  2. Camper fascia (superficial fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue)
  3. Scarpa fascia (deep membranous layer of subcutenous tissue)
  4. superficial investing fascia
  5. external oblique
  6. intermediate investing fascia
  7. internal oblique
  8. deep investing fascia
  9. transverse abdominis
  10. transversalis fascia
  11. extraperitoneal fat
  12. parietal peritoneum
83
Q

list the three flat muscles of the anterolateral abdomen from superficial to deep

A
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transverse abdominis
84
Q

the aponeurosis of which muscle forms the inguinal ligament?

A

external oblique

85
Q

rectus sheath

A

tough sheet of aponeurosis from midclavicular to midline that encloses the rectus abdominis

86
Q

lineal alba

A

intersection of the aponeuroses of the internal and external oblique and transverse abdomini. surface anatomy that runs down midline.

87
Q

external oblique

A
  1. origin: external surfaces of the 5th-12th ribs
  2. insertion: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest
  3. innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11) and subcostal nerve
  4. action: compress and support trunk; flex and rotate trunk
88
Q

internal oblique

A
  1. origin: thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, and connective tissue deep to inguinal ligament
  2. insertion: inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs, linea alba, pubis vs. conjoint tendon
  3. innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal and first lumbar nerve
  4. action: compress and support trunk; flex and rotate trunk
89
Q

transversus abdominis

A
  1. origin: internal surfaces of the 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, connective tissue deep to inguinal ligament
  2. insertion: linea alba w/ aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, and pubis via conjoint tendon
  3. innervation: thoraco-abdominal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal and first lumbar nerve
  4. action: compress and support abdominal viscera
90
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  1. origin: pubic symphysis and pubic crest
  2. insertion: xiphoid proccess and 5th-7th costal cartilages
  3. innervation: thoraco-abdominal and subcostcal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12 nerves)
  4. action: flexes trunk; compresses abdominal viscera; stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis
91
Q

name of L1 nerve

A

ilio-inguinal

92
Q

inguinal ligament

A

most inferior part of the external oblique aponeurosis

93
Q

inguinal canal

A

where the spermatic cord passes through from the abdominal cavity to the testes

94
Q

deep (internal) inguinal ring

A

evagination of the transversalis fascia, superior to the middle of the inguinal ligament, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

95
Q

superficial (external) inguinal ring

A

exit from the inguinal canal, slit-like opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique, superolateral to the pubic tubercle

96
Q

pectineal line (of Cooper)

A

portion of the inguinal ligament that runs along the pectin pubis.

97
Q

thoraco-abdominal nerve

A

distal abdominal parts of lower 5 intercostal nerves T9-T11: innervate muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin (T7-T9: superior to umbilicus; T10: around umbilicus; T11: immediately below umbilicus)

98
Q

subcostal nerve

A

anterior ramus of T12: innervate muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin midway between levels of umbilicus and iliac crest; inguinal ligament and pubic crest inferiorly

99
Q

iliohypogastric nerve

A

superior branch of L1: innervates skin overlying iliac crest, upper inguinal and hypogastric regions; internal oblique and transfers abdominis

100
Q

ilio-inguinal nerve

A

inferior branch of L1: innervates skin of scrotum of labium magus, mons pubis, and adjacent medial aspect of thigh; most inferior internal oblique and transverses abdominis

101
Q

direct inguinal hernia

A

exit from anterior abdominal wall via superficial ring, lateral to cord; rarely enters scrotum

102
Q

indirect inguinal hernia

A

exit from anterior abdominal wall via superficial ring inside cord, commonly passing into scrotum/labium magus.

103
Q

what two ligaments form the foundation of the inguinal canal?

A
  1. inguinal ligament (made of external oblique aponeurosis-more superficial)
  2. iliopublic tract (made up of transversalis fascia-deeper)
104
Q

what two bony landmarks are the attachment points of the ligaments that form the inguinal canal?

A

hip bone- anterior superior iliac spine and the public tubercle

105
Q

what 5 ligaments make up the inguinal canal?

A
  1. inguinal ligament (of Poupart)
  2. iliopubic tract
  3. Lacunar ligament (of Gimbernaut)
  4. pectineal ligament (of Cooper)
  5. conjoined tendon
106
Q

hip bone- pectineal line

A

line that runs posterior-lateral from the hip bone-pubic tubercle

107
Q

pectineal ligament (of Cooper)

A

helps make up the inguinal canal, attaches along the pecineal line of the hip bone

108
Q

which two ligaments form the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

109
Q

lacunar ligament (of Gimbernaut)

A

attaches between the pectineal line and the inguinal ligament, helps form the floor of the inguinal canal

110
Q

conjoined tendon

A

makes up posterior wall of the inguinal canal, attaches along the pectineal line, arises from the merging of internal and external oblique aponeuroses

111
Q

round ligament of the uterus

A

structure in females that extends from internal (deep) inguinal ring to the external (superficial inguinal ring), derived from gubernaculum during development.

112
Q

where does the internal inguinal ring lie in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

lateral

113
Q

what layer of anterior abdominal wall layer is NOT present in the scrotum?

A

Camper’s fascia

114
Q

what is Scarpa’s fascia called in the scrotum?

A

Dartos’ fascia

115
Q

what is the transversalis fascia layer called in the scrotum?

A

internal spermatic fascia

116
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum layer called in the scrotum?

A

tunica vaginalis

117
Q

what nerve controls the cremasteric reflex?

A

L1-ilioinguinal nerve

118
Q

inferior epigastric vein and artery

A

lie inferiorly to ductus deferens in males, connect to the external iliac artery and vein

119
Q

superficial epigastric artery

A

lies superficial to inguinal ligament, comes off of external iliac arery

120
Q

musculophrenic artery

A

follows costal angle inferiorly, comes off of internal thoracic artery

121
Q

superior epigastric artery

A

medial branch of internal thoracic artery

122
Q

name the major vessels off the aorta in the abdomen from superior to inferior.

A
  1. celiac artery
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. R and L renal arteries
  4. L and R gonadal arteries
  5. inferior mesenteric
  6. L and R common iliac
123
Q

discuss the arterial supply of the breast

A

subclavian branches into axillary then lateral thoracic artery branches off to supply lateral breast. medially, subclavian branches into internal thoracic artery to supply medial breast.

124
Q

discuss the venous drainage of the breast

A

lateral thoracic vein merges w/ axillary vein which then turns into subclavian vein. Internal thoracic vein trains directly into superior vena cava.

125
Q

discuss the lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

from areola to subareolar lymphatic plexus, most lymph drains to axillary lymph nodes. Can also drain to infra, the supra clavicular nodes. Perasternal lymph nodes help drain medial portion of breast.

FOCA (7 decks)

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