Module 1 Volume 2 Chapter 1 Pathopysilogy Flashcards

Question

antigen-antibody complexes p.93

Answer 1

the substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it; also called immune complex

Answer 2

cells, such as macrophages, that present (express onto their surfaces) portions of the antigens they have digested

Answer 3

1the recognition, ingestion and breakdown of a foreign antigen culminating in production of an antibody to the antigen or in a direct cytotoxic response to the antigen

Answer 4

response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy intself; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.

Answer 5

the fundamental chemical unit which contains subatomic particles including electrons protons and neutrons.

Answer 6

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; an element is defined by its atomic number

Answer 7

a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload

Answer 8

failure of the immune system to recognize certain tissues normally present in the body resulting in an attack against those tissues by the immune system; autoimmune disease includes rheumatic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 9

an immune response to self-antigens which the body normally tolerates.

Answer 10

the type of white blood cells that in response to the presence of an antigen produce antibodies that attack the antigen develop a memory for the antigen and confer long term immunity to the antigen

Answer 11

(singular bacterium) single-cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. they bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support

Answer 12

a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelia, the membranes that line or cover internal and external body surfaces

Answer 13

substances that acquire protons during chemical reactions

Answer 14

granular white blood cells that similarly to mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that control constriction and dilation of blood vessels during inflammation

Answer 15

not cancerous; not able to spread to other tissues

Answer 16

a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions

Answer 17

a process of developing a cancer

Answer 18

an early form of cancer in which tumor cells have not yet invaded surrounding tissues

Answer 19

the strength of a contraction of the heart

Answer 20

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute (computed as stroke volume x heart rate)

Answer 21

shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inabilitity of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body

Answer 22

proteins involved in carrying solutes (ions or molecules) across a biologic membrane

Answer 23

a type of connective tissue that provides structure and support to other tissues

Answer 24

a series of actions triggered by a first action and culminating in a final action--typical of the actions caused by plasma proteins involved in the complement coagulation and kinin systems.

Answer 25

the destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy

Answer 26

epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that stongly affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems metabolic rate temperature and smooth muscle

Answer 27

an ion with a positive charge so called because it will be attracted to a cathode or negative pole.

Answer 28

the basic structural unit of all plants and animals. a membrane enclosing a thick fluid and nucleus. cells are specialized to carry out all of the body's basic functions

Answer 29

the short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes wich directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen

Answer 30

also plasma membrane; the outer covering of a cell

Answer 31

physiologic or structural changes to a cell in response to change or stress or a pathological condition

Answer 32

metabolic processes with a cell that convert nutrients to energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate and that subsequently release waste products from the cell

Answer 33

a polysaccharide polymer with glucose as its monomer that is the major strucural material of plants

Answer 34

cylindrical structures within cells that play important role in cell division

Answer 35

sensory receptors that detect and act on chemical signals--for example, sensing a change in carbon dioxide levels in the blood and responding by causing an increase in respiratory rate to expel the excess carbon dioxide from the body

Answer 36

chemicals that attract white cells to the site of inflammation a process called chemotaxis

Answer 37

attracting white cells to the site of inflammation

Answer 38

a combination of DNA and other proteins in the nucleus of a cell that condenses to form chromasomes

Answer 39

threadlike structures within the nuclei of cells that carry genetic information

Answer 40

slow in the onset persisting over a long period of time as in a chronic disease

Answer 41

threadlike projections from the surface of cells that move back and forth and can sweep debris such as mucus or dust away from the cell

Answer 42

saclike structures within the body cells that form part of the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus an act as carrier vessels that transport proteins from the RER ro the Golgi apparatus for furthur processing

Answer 43

a key phase of glucose metabolism requiring the presence of oxygen in which pyruvic acid a product of the breakdown of glucose is oxidized resulting in the release of energy in the form of ATP and carbon dioxide as waste. Also called kreps cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Answer 44

The manifestation of a disease; the signs and symptoms of a disease

Answer 45

the development of receptors, by Blymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow, for every possible type of antigen

Answer 46

the process by which a specific antigen reacts with the appropriate receptors on the surface of immature B lymphocytes therby activating them and prompting them to proliferate differentiate and produce antibodies to the activating antigen

Answer 47

a plasma protein system that results in formation of a protein called fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off an infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding and serves as a foundation for repair and healing of a wound.

Answer 48

non protein substances that bind to enzyme proteins to assist them in biochemical transformations.

Answer 49

see coenzymes

Answer 50

proteins that are the main component of connective tissue

Answer 51

intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes

Answer 52

early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusions

Answer 53

a group of plasma proteins (the complement proteins) that are dormant in the blood until activated as by antigen-antibody complex formation by products released by bacteria or by components of other plasma protein systems. when activated, the complement system is involved in most of the events of inflammatory response

Answer 54

abnormalities or conditions that result from another orginal disease or problem

Answer 55

chemical union of two or more elements

Answer 56

the gradual change in concentration of a solution over a distance within the solution

Answer 57

diseases affecting the metabolism that are present from birth

Answer 58

the most abundant body tissue it provides support connection and insulation examples bone cartilage fat blood

Answer 59

inward movement of wound edges during healing that eventually brings the wound edges together

Answer 60

a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium and proteins and also has an anti-inflammatory effect

Answer 61

force holding atoms together that results when atoms share electrons

Answer 62

folds within mutochondria that form shelves within the mitochondria

Answer 63

intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid

Answer 64

proteins produced by white blood cells that regulate immune responses by binding with and affecting the function of the cells that produced them or of other nearby cells

Module 1 Volume 2 Chapter 1 Pathopysilogy Flashcards

Integrate comprehensive knowledge of pathophysiology of major human systems (375 cards)