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VITAMINS & MINERALS > MODULE 1 Week 2: Vitamin A & Cartenoids > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Week 2: Vitamin A & Cartenoids Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of vitamin A

A
  • Cell growth & reproduction
  • Cell differentiation
  • Bone development (osteoblasts/clast)
  • Immune function
  • VISION
  • gene expression
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2
Q

3 main forms of Vitamin A (retinoids)

A
  1. Retinol
  2. Retinal
  3. Retinoic acid
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3
Q

What are carotenoids? (Color?)

A

Red, orange, and yellow lipid-soluble pigments mainly found in plants

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4
Q

**Beta-carotene exhibit is the XXX amount of pro vitamin A activity

A

Greatest

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5
Q

Where is Vitamin A found in food?

A

LIVER, fatty fish (herring), dairy products, eggs

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6
Q

** Most common dietary carotenoids/carotenoids most commonly found in the body? (6)

A
  1. B-carotene
  2. Alpha-carotene
  3. B- crytoxanthin
  4. Lycopene
  5. Lutein
  6. Zeaxanthin/Cryptoxanthin
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7
Q

Are meat and fish major sources of carotenoids?

A

No

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8
Q

What macronutrient improves vitamin A absorption? What percent is absorbed when this is present?

A

Need AT LEAST 10g of fat in a meal to absorb 70-90% of dietary vitamin A

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9
Q

Does fiber (pectin) and vitamin E consumption improve or decrease Vitamin A absorption?

A

DECREASE (interferes with micelle formation)

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10
Q

** Vitamin A/carotenoids are typically bound to what macronutrient in our diets?

A

PROTEINS

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11
Q

** Vitamin A is typically esterfied to what ???

A

Fatty acids

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12
Q

** What % of carotenoids are absorbed? Depends on what?

A

5-60%

Lower for UNCOOKED/JUICES and higher in FATTY MEAL/OIL BASED SUPPLEMENTS

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13
Q

** Primary location where carotenoids (Alpha and beta-carotene & crytoxanthen) are converted to vitamin A

A

Intestinal mucosal cells

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14
Q

** Retinoic acid v other forms of Vitamin A: how are they transported from intestines?

A

Retinoic acid = bound to ALBUMIN

Retinol/retinal/others = Added to CHYLOMICRON

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15
Q

Primary location that chylomicrons deliver Vitamin A and carotenoids to?

A

Liver

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16
Q

**Stellate cells

A

Specialized cells in liver where vitamin A is stored

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17
Q

** Blood transport of Vitamin A depends on what 2 transport proteins (made by the liver)?

A
  1. RBP (retinol-binding protein)

2. Transthyretin

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18
Q

** 3 things required for optimal synthesis on RBP (retinol-binding protein)?

A
  1. Adequate protein
  2. Vitamin A
  3. ZINC
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19
Q

** Carotenoids are mainly delivered to what 2 locations?

A
  1. Adipose tissues

2. Liver

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20
Q

** The retina of the eye is especially high in what two carotenoids?

A
  • Leutin

- Xeanthin

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21
Q

**Vitamin A and osteoporosis

A

Up regulates osteoclasts (the cells that BREAK DOWN bone/calcium)

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22
Q

*** Osteoporosis and up-regulated immune system

A

More WBC action (with unregulated immune system) means more osteoCLAST activity which means more bones are going to break down

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23
Q

** Osteoporosis, inflammation, estrogen

A

Inflammation/up regulated immune system in addition to DECREASED estrogen could play a role in osteoporosis development

24
Q

** Vitamin A(retinol) palmitate is found in what foods?

A
  • LIVER
  • egg YOLKS
  • Fish
  • Dairy
25
Q

** Night-blindness due to deficiency in what vitamin?

A

A

26
Q

** Rhodopsin facilitates the conversion of light to X??

A

A neuroelectrical signal

27
Q

** Vitamin A and gene expression

A
  • 2 forms of Retinoic acid interact with DNA response elements?

Retinoic acid bins to certain receptors on DNA and influence transcription of certain proteins???????

28
Q

** Teratogenesis

A

Process by which congenital malformations are produced in a fetus

29
Q

** Vitamin A and birth defects (teratogenesis)

A

Toxic levels of vitamin A can lead to excessive growth and reproduction, leading to birth defects

30
Q

** Carotenoids as antioxidants are especially effective in lipid soluble compartments such as?

A
  • Plasma membrane

- Lipoproteins

31
Q

** 2 main carotenoid antioxidant mechanisms of actions

A
  1. QUENCHING (non-radical species)

2. SCAVENGING (radical species = bad)

32
Q

** Who wouldn’t you recommend beta-carotene to? Why?

A

Wouldn’t recommend to smokers because of the associations with increased risk for lung cancer

33
Q

** Specific Vit A function with immune health

A
  • Needed for T-lymphocyte function

- For antibody response to bacterial, virus, and parasitic infection

34
Q

** What parts of the eye are lutein and zeaxanthin found in?

A

Retina (specifically macula - central retina)

35
Q

** Function lutein and zeaxanthin in eye LOOK UP

A
  • help QUENCH free radicals/effects of oxidation

-

36
Q

** If there is deficient/decreased vitamin A, what happens to iron incorporation into RBCs?

A

If vitamin A low, there is DECREASED iron incorporation into RBCs

37
Q

** Relationship between Vitamin A, iron, anemia

A

Low Vit A can lead to less iron incorporation into RBC.

Supplementing with Vit A can help prevent/correct anemia

38
Q

** What tocopherol is Olive Oil high in?

A

Alpha

39
Q

** What is Xeropthalmia?

A

Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye (due to Vit A deficiency)

40
Q

** What food (animal product) is high in vitamin a Palmitate?

A

Liver

41
Q

** What micro minerals affect vitamin A absorption and how?

A

ZINC deficiency

  • zinc deficiency reduces retinol binding protein capacity (therefore affecting vit A metabolism)
42
Q

** Main carotenoid colors

A

Red, orange, yellow

43
Q

Three carotenoids that are provitamins (can be converted to vitamin A)

A
  1. Beta carotene
  2. Alpha carotene
  3. Beta cryptoxanthin
44
Q

** What B vitamin is needed for the formation of vitamin A (retinol) from beta carotene?

A

NIACIN

45
Q

** Which carotenoid has the strongest anti oxidant function?

A

Lycopene

46
Q

** Major components of carotenoid digestion & absorption (where does it happen?)

A
  1. Freed from protein by PEPSIN in the stomach
  2. Form fat globules
  3. Emulsified by BILE in duodenum
  4. Proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze
  5. & Pancreatic lipas hydrolyze vitamin in small intestines
  6. Form MICELLES
  7. Travels through intestinal epithelial cells
  8. Absorption occurs in duodenum and jejunum
47
Q

** Synthesis of vitamin A from Beta carotene requires what B vitamin and what mineral?

A

Niacin & IRON?

48
Q

** % / efficiency of beta carotene to retinol conversion

A

50%

49
Q
  • 11-cis retinol v 9-cis Retinoic acid functions
A

11-cis = VISION

9-cis = GENE EXPRESSION

50
Q

** Where are carotenoids stored in the body? (Lutein and zeaxanthin?)

A

LIVER
Less in adipose tissue

Lutein and zeaxanthin = RETINA OF EYE

51
Q

** Form of vitamin A essential for vision

A

11-cis retinol

52
Q

** What is rhodopsin

A

Protein essential for vision formed from protein opsin + 11-cis retinol (Vit A)

53
Q

In visual cycle, 11-cis retiNOL is converted to what?

A

11-cis retinAL

54
Q

** Vitamin A and Accutane

A

Accutane in HIGH dose vitamin A; should not take Vit A supplements while on this medication

55
Q

** Accutane side effects

A
  • dry skin
  • rash
  • nosebleeds
  • dry corners of mouth/eyes
56
Q

** Forms of vitamin A involved in gene expression

A
  • trans retinoic acid

- 9 - cis retinoic acid

57
Q

** How does vitamin A play a role in gene expression

A

In the nucleus, Vit A interacts with nuclear receptors (bind to them) altering the activity of the cell/transcription

VITAMINS & MINERALS (9 decks)

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