Module 10: Endocrine System Flashcards
(46 cards)
What systems regulate metabolic activities?
The endocrine and nervous system’s
What are steroids?
They are lipids and enter the cell nucleus to initiate transcription directly
What are non-steroids?
Needs a secondary messenger system to activate transcription in the nucleus
What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
The development of a benign tumor, or adenoma
All disorders reflect…
Impaired control or impaired feedback
Excessive secretion may be treated with
Medications, surgery, radiation
Insulin is what kind of hormone?
Anabolic (building up or synthesis of complex substances from simple molecules)
Deficient insulin results in
Abnormal carbohydrate, proteins, and fat metabolism
because the transport of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired, as well as the synthesis of protein and glycogen
In type 1 diabetes, although there is a genetic factor in the development of the disease, the insulin deficit results from…
Destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in an autoimmune reaction, resulting in an absolute deficit of insulin in the body and therefore requiring replacement therapy
Acute complications such as hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis are more likely to occur in type one or type two diabetes?
Type 1
Compare the treatment for type one and type two diabetes
Type 1 - insulin replacement
Type 2 - Diet and exercise or oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin replacement
Type two diabetes, formally referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is based on decreased effectiveness of
Insulin or a relative deficit of insulin
Decreased effectiveness/deficit of insulin may involve
Decreased pancreatic better cell production of insulin, increased resistance by body cells to insulin, increase production of glucose by the liver, or a combination of these factors
How can you manage type 2 diabetes?
- diet
- exercise
- reduce insulin resistance
- Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 1. Insulin deficit results in decreased transportation and use of
Glucose in many cells of the body
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 2. Blood glucose levels lower or rise?
Rise (hyperglycemia)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 3. What happens in step 3?
Excess glucose spills into the urine (glucosuria)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 4. Glucose in the urine exerts osmotic pressure in the filtrate, resulting in
A large volume of urine to be excreted (polyuria), With the loss of fluid and electrolytes from the body tissues
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 5. Fluid loss through the urine and high blood glucose levels draw water from the cells, resulting in
6. And this causes?
- Dehydration
6. Dehydration causes thirst (polydipsia)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 7. Lack of nutrients entering the cells stimulates
Appetite (polyphagia)
Typically the three ‘Ps’ herald the onset of diabetes. What are they?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
*Which conditions are patients with diabetes a greater risk for developing?
Stroke, heart attack, peripheral vascular disease an amputation, kidney failure, and blindness
What are signs and symptoms of diabetic keto acidosis?
- Dehydration
- rapid, deep respiration – acetone breath (lethargy, decreased responsiveness)
- metabolic acidosis (May lead to loss of consciousness)
- electrolyte imbalances (abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness)
Hypoparathyroidism leads to? Hyperparathyroidism leads to?
Hypoparathyroidism = Hypocalcemia Hyper” = hypercalcemia
